Glossary of terms and acronyms O-R
The following is a glossary of some key terms, concepts and acronyms used in the publications in this and in linked web sites. The terms and definitions are drawn from a number of sources including legislation, standards, codes of practice, guides, reports and other documents. For translations into Maori of some of the key terms here, see the English-Maori Glossary of Occupational Safety and Health Terms.
If you have any suggestions for additions to the glossary, please e-mail them to the webmaster.
Glossary Terms A to B | C to D | E to G | H to K | L to N | O to R | S to T | U to Z
device| Term or Acronym | Definition | ||||||
| OAG | Office of the Controller and Auditor-General. | ||||||
| Obstacle | [Aviation industry] All fixed and mobile objects, or parts thereof, that may obstruct either the movement of an aircraft on the ground or protrude into an aircraft's takeoff or landing path. | ||||||
| Objective | A statement that indicates how the goals can be achieved. | ||||||
| Occupational asthma | A disorder characterised by bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) or variable airflow limitation related to workplace exposures. Many hundreds of occupational agents, including some inorganic and organic dusts, have been associated with occupational asthma. Biological agents include grains, flours, plants and gums, fur, feathers and other animal parts, insects and fungi, drugs and enzymes, and various types of wood. Chemical agents include chlorofluorocarbons, alcohols, metals and their salts, and welding fumes. | ||||||
| Occupational cancer | Cancer caused by an agent in the workplace, e.g. asbestos, benzene. | ||||||
| Occupational diving | Diving performed in the course of employment for gain or reward (irrespective of whether or not diving is the principal function of employment or merely an adjunct to it). | ||||||
| Occupational health | The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations, the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions, the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological condition. [ILO and WHO, 1963] | ||||||
| Occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) | That part of the overall management system which includes organisational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the OHS policy, and so managing the risks associated with the business of the organisation. | ||||||
| Occupational health and safety objectives | Overall OHS goal in terms of OHS performance, arising from the occupational health and safety policy that an organisation sets itself to achieve, and which are quantified where practicable. | ||||||
| Occupational health and safety performance | The measurable results of the OHSMS, related to the organisation's control of health and safety risks, based on its OHS policy, objectives and targets. Performance measurement includes measurement of OHS management activities and results. | ||||||
| Occupational health and safety policy | Statement by the organisation of its commitment, intentions and principles in relation to its overall occupational health and safety performance which provides a framework for action and for the setting of its occupational health and safety objectives and targets. | ||||||
| Occupational health and safety professional | A person with expertise and qualifications in the identification, assessment, evaluation or control of occupational hazards and risks, and hazards associated with occupational ill-health. | ||||||
| Occupational health and safety target | A detailed performance requirement, quantified wherever practicable and pertaining to the organisation, that arises from the health and safety objectives and that needs to be met in order to achieve those objectives. | ||||||
| Occupational health nurse | A registered nurse who specialises in occupational health. | ||||||
| Occupational medicine | The study and practice of medicine related to the effects of work on health and health on work. | ||||||
| Occupational overuse syndrome (OOS) | An umbrella term covering a range of disorders characterised by pain and/or other sensations in muscles, tendons, nerves, soft tissues and joints with clinical signs evident to a medical practitioner. Symptoms such as pain, discomfort, and muscle weakness may continue even after initial clinical signs have diminished. The disorders are caused, or significantly contributed to, by occupational factors including prolonged muscle tension, repetitive actions, forceful movements and sustained or constrained postures, which exceed the usual ability of the body to rapidly recover. | ||||||
| Occupational physician | A medical practitioner who has a post-graduate qualification in occupational medicine. | ||||||
| Occupational Safety and Health Service (OSH) | A Service of the Department of Labour, charged with administering the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992. | ||||||
| Occupational skin disease | A skin disease caused by a physical, chemical or biological hazard in the workplace. Contact dermatitis (see Dermatitis) is the most common example. | ||||||
| Occupier | (a) In relation to any premises or to any part of any
premises, means the person in actual occupation thereof; and (b) in relation to any building or part of a building in which any manufacture or trade is carried on, includes the person carrying on that manufacture or trade in that building or that part. |
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| Occurrence | [Aviation industry] An accident or incident. | ||||||
| Octave band attenuation data |
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| OCDD | octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. | ||||||
| Odorant | A substance added to gas to impart a distinctive and unpleasant odour to gas in the atmosphere. | ||||||
| Odour threshold | The minimum concentration of a substance in air capable of being detected by the human sense of smell. | ||||||
| OE | Original equipment, fitted at the time of manufacture of the vehicle, or a part supplied by the vehicle manufacturer. | ||||||
| Offender | In relation to a victim: (a) means a person convicted of the crime or offence that affected the victim; and (b) in sections 17 to 27 (which relate to victim impact statements), includes a person found guilty of, or who pleads guilty to, that crime or offence. |
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| Offending zone | The location where luminaires will cause vision problems for office workers. The offending zone is on the ceiling above and in front of the worker. | ||||||
| Offensive trade | Any trade, business, manufacture, or undertaking for the time being specified in Schedule 3 to the Health Act 1956. Examples include: blood or offal treating, nightsoil collection and disposal, septic tank desludging and disposal of sludge, fellmongering, wool scouring, tanning. | ||||||
| Off-highway rig | Truck designed to operate on private roads. | ||||||
| Official | In terms of event management, a person involved in delivering an event, who could be a director, manager, umpire, referee, judge, steward or team manager. | ||||||
| Offshore | Beyond the line of high water ordinary spring tides
along that portion of the coast that is in direct contact with the
open seas and beyond the line marking the seaward limit of inland
waters. |
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| Offshore installation | Includes any artificial structure (including a floating structure, other than a ship) used or intended to be used in or on, or anchored or attached to, the seabed for the purpose of the exploration for, or the exploitation or associated processing of, any mineral. | ||||||
| Offshore terminal | Any place in the sea where cargo is loaded or unloaded. | ||||||
| Ohmmeter | An electrical instrument used for testing electrical circuits. | ||||||
| OHS | Occupational health and safety. | ||||||
| OHSMS | Occupational health and safety management system. | ||||||
| OIA | Official Information Act 1982. | ||||||
| OIC | Order-in-Council. | ||||||
| Oil | Any alcohol or hydrocarbon other than coal, natural gas, or gas as defined in the Gas Act 1992. | ||||||
| Oil fuel unit | The equipment used for the preparation of oil fuel for delivery to an oil-fired boiler, or equipment used for the preparation for delivery of heated oil to an internal combustion engine, and includes any oil pressure pumps, filters and heaters dealing with oil at a pressure of more than 0.18N/mm2. | ||||||
| Oil tanker | A ship constructed or adapted primarily to carry oil in bulk in its cargo spaces; and includes combination carriers and any 'chemical tanker' as defined in [maritime] rule 141.2 when it is carrying a cargo or part-cargo of oil in bulk. | ||||||
| Oncogenic | Causing or encouraging the growth of tumours. | ||||||
| OOS | Occupational overuse syndrome. | ||||||
| OP | Organophosphate pesticide compound. | ||||||
| Opacity | The extent to which a medium is opaque (not allowing light to pass through). Numerically the reciprocal of transmittance. | ||||||
| Open path | That part of a building's escape route (including dead ends) not protected by fire or smoke separations, and which terminates at a final exit or exitway. | ||||||
| Open-side carriage | Skyline carriage that opens on one side allowing it to travel over intermediate support jacks. | ||||||
| Opencast coal mine | (a) Any place where any person works above ground for
the purpose of (i) extracting any coal from the earth; or (ii) processing any coal extracted from the earth at that place; and (b) includes any place in which coal so extracted or processed is washed, crushed, or screened. |
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| Operate | In relation to equipment: (a) means to use the equipment; and (b) includes making the equipment available for use, whether by hiring or otherwise. |
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| Operate | In relation to a vehicle, means to drive or use the vehicle on a road, or to cause or permit the vehicle to be on a road or to be driven on a road, whether or not the person is present with the vehicle. | ||||||
| Operating and maintenance system | A documented management system for the operation, maintenance and control of equipment. This system shall incorporate those parts of a quality management system that are appropriate for the equipment concerned and shall be audited by an inspection body. | ||||||
| Operating manual | Documentation published by a machine manufacturer that includes its operating range and restrictions, maintenance procedures, general specifications, and other relevant data. | ||||||
| Operating ropes | Moving ropes which are reeled in or out during hauling. | ||||||
| Operating speed, 85th percentile speed (V85)
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The speed at, or below which, 85 percent of vehicles travel under free flowing conditions passing a nominated point. Free flowing refers to a situation when a preceding vehicle has at least six and a half seconds of headway and there is no attempt to overtake a vehicle ahead (speed measurements should be made by unobtrusive means). | ||||||
| Operation | The active process of utilising an asset, which will consume resources such as manpower, energy, chemicals and materials. Operation costs are part of the lifecycle costs of an asset. | ||||||
| Operational flight plan | The certificate holder's plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on considerations of aeroplane performance, other operating limitations, and relevant expected conditions, on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes concerned. | ||||||
| Operator | An employee who controls the use and operation of equipment and who may clean the equipment other than in the course of servicing, maintenance or repair. | ||||||
| Operator certificate | A certificate issued to an operator of a business of prostitution under section 35 of the Prostitution Reform Act. | ||||||
| Operator protective structure (OPS) | A structure designed to reduce the likelihood of harm to the operator by objects entering the cab of a mobile plant. | ||||||
| Optometrist | A health practitioner who (a) is, or is deemed to be, registered with the Optometrists and Dispensing Opticians Board continued by section 114(1)(a) of the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 as a practitioner of the profession of optometry; and (b) holds a current practising certificate. |
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| OR | Odds ratio. | ||||||
| Order-in-Council | Essentially, an instruction made under the authority of a statute from the Government. Issued by Governor-General on recommendation of Minister under authority of an Act. | ||||||
| Organic material | Any material that is or contains (a) material derived from an organism; or (b) an excretion or secretion of an organism (whether or not it also contains material derived from a human being or contains the secretions of a human being). |
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| Organic solvents | A group of liquid petroleum-based products, often used as degreasing agents and thinners e.g. methylated spirits, kerosene. | ||||||
| Organisation | A company, corporation, firm, enterprise or institution, or other legal entity or part thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private, that has its own function(s) and administration. | ||||||
| Organism | Individual animal, plant, bacterium or virus. In the
HSNO context, the term:
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| Organochlorine (OC) | A chemical molecule with an organic least one bound chlorine atom. | ||||||
| Organotin | An organic compound containing bonds to tin. | ||||||
| Originating aircraft | Any aircraft about to be used on a regular air transport passenger service from any New Zealand aerodrome, that has been emptied of passengers and goods at the conclusion of a previous flight or flights, but does not include any aircraft transiting New Zealand or any New Zealand airport, in circumstances where passengers and goods are added to an existing load. | ||||||
| OSH | Occupational Safety and Health Service of the Department of Labour. | ||||||
| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Department of Labor. | ||||||
| OSMS | Outdoor safety management system. | ||||||
| Osteoarthritis | A chronic degenerative disorder of joints characterised by damage to and loss of articular cartilage. Heavy physical loading, with recurrent kneeling or squatting, is a predisposing factor in an occupational context. | ||||||
| Ottawa Charter | A charter for health promotion agreed to at the first International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada in 1986. | ||||||
| Outcome | Outcomes are the consequences for the public of the activities of government. Outcomes provide the rationale for government action. | ||||||
| Outcome status | The final outcome of a file, e.g. settled, withdrawn, not proceeding, etc. | ||||||
| Outdoor air | Air as typically comprising by volume. (ai) oxygen 20.94 percent (b) carbon dioxide 0.03 percent (c) nitrogen and other inert gases 79.03 percent. | ||||||
| Outdoor pursuits | A subset of outdoor recreation. This term is widely applied to activities that involve moving across natural land and/or water environments by non-mechanised means. For example: biking, orienteering, tramping, rock climbing, cross-country skiing, kayaking, sailing, rafting or caving. | ||||||
| Outdoor recreation | Refers to any activity done in the outdoors, spanning the spectrum from gardening, to camping out, to four-wheel driving. It can be mechanised, non-mechanised, involve risk or not involve risk. | ||||||
| Outhaul | Segment of a cable logging extraction cycle where the rigging or carriage travels from the hauler or landing, out to the cutover for the next drag. | ||||||
| Outer cordon | A physical area surrounding an incident that has been secured by some means to effectively control the entry or exit of people and equipment from that area. | ||||||
| Outer packaging | The outer layer of a composite or combination packaging together with any absorbent materials, cushioning and any other components used to contain and protect inner receptacles or inner packaging | ||||||
| Outlier | Extreme value of the measured values which exceeds the tabulated value at the chosen significance level. | ||||||
| Output/outcome | A good or service produced, for example, providing safety advice. Outcomes are results, for example, safer behaviour. | ||||||
| Outriggers | Extendable structural members on a crane carrier used to increase the effective size of the crane base. | ||||||
| Outriggers (needles) | Cantilevered beams from which a swinging stage is suspended. | ||||||
| Outwork | Refering to the sex industry, is where a sex worker provides commercial sexual services in a client's own home, hotel room or place other than a brothel. | ||||||
| Overall diameter (OD) | The diameter of an unloaded tyre, mounted on its recommended rim and inflated to service pressure. | ||||||
| Overcut | In felling, where one cut of a scarf is extended beyond the other (potentially dangerous). | ||||||
| Overhand planing machine | A machine for planing or smoothing the surface of material by passing it over cutters. | ||||||
| Overhanging pulley | A pulley carried on a shaft projecting beyond the last bearing. | ||||||
| Overhead earmuff | An earmuff worn with the headband over the head. | ||||||
| Overlay | A transparent, translucent or opaque self-adhesive or clinging film that is applied to large areas, or the whole, of a piece of glazing, including anti-glare band overlays and stoneguard overlays. | ||||||
| Overload protection | Means a device which prevents the crane from moving into an overload situation by stopping all load moment increasing functions. | ||||||
| Over-pressure protection | A device or system for preventing the pressure in gas pipework or in gas appliances from exceeding a predetermined value. | ||||||
| Over run | (1) Where rope being spooled off a drum is allowed
to go slack; often results in a birdsnest. (2) The tendency for the parts of a machine to continue moving after power has been switched off. |
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| Over spray | Paint which during application, will stick to adjacent panels not being painted or that paint which blows into the air during spraying. | ||||||
| Over-wrap | In relation to dangerous goods transport means a final, outer layer of packaging that is additional to the packaging required to perform the containment function during transport and is used in addition to outer or sole packaging. | ||||||
| Oxidation | Formation of an insulating layer of metallic oxide. | ||||||
| Oxidising | Refers to substances that cause or contribute to combustion, generally by making oxygen, and occasionally chlorine or fluorine, available to the combustion. | ||||||
| Oxidising substance and organic peroxides | (Class 5.1 Dangerous Goods) Oxidising substances. Substances that are not necessarily combustible, but may cause or contribute to the combustion of other material, usually by yielding oxygen, chlorine or fluorine. Dangerous goods of Division 5.1 are assigned to a packing group according to the degree of danger they present: Packing Group I (high danger); Packing Group II (medium danger); Packing Group III (low danger). Class 5.2 Organic peroxides. Organic substances that contain the bivalent -O-O- structure and may be considered to be derivatives of hydrogen peroxide, in which one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. Organic peroxides are thermally unstable substances that may undergo exothermic self-accelerating decomposition and may also have one or more of the following properties: (a) be liable to explosive decomposition; (b) burn rapidly; (c) be sensitive to impact or friction; (d) react dangerously with other substances; (e) cause damage to the eyes. |
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| Oxygenates | Alcohols and ethers added to fuel. | ||||||
| Oxygenates or oxygenated hydrocarbons | Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, for example alcohols. | ||||||
| Oxygen-deficient atmosphere | An atmosphere which does not contain enough oxygen to fully support the body's metabolic processes. It is generally acknowledged that an atmospheric concentration below 18% by volume is deficient in oxygen. | ||||||
| Pacific Island population | The population of Pacific Island ethnic origin (e.g. Samoan, Cook Island Maori, Tongan, Nuiean, Fijian, and Tokelauan) incorporating people born in New Zealand as well as overseas. Refers to those persons who stated a 'Pacific Island' ethnic group as either their sole ethnic group or as one of several ethnic groups they belonged to at the time of the 1991 Census of Population and Dwellings. | ||||||
| Packaging | (1) In relation to hazardous substances, means a container
that is a receptacle and any other components or materials necessary
for the receptacle to perform its containment function, and includes
inner packaging once its outer packaging has been removed. (2) In relation to dangerous goods means any receptacle, container or other material in which a substance may be encased, covered, enclosed, contained or packed, which performs part of the containment function; but does not include a freight container, a skip, a vehicle, a pallet or other article of transport equipment. |
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| Packeting | A quantity of timber bound together to form a transportable unit. | ||||||
| Packing group | One of three hazard groups into which dangerous goods of Class or Division 3, 4, 5.1, 6.1, 8 and 9 are divided for packaging purposes, and that are ranked in a decreasing order of hazard: Packing Group 'I' (high danger), Packing Group 'II' (medium danger) and Packing Group 'III' (low danger). | ||||||
| PADI | Professional Association of Diving Instructors. | ||||||
| PAH | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. | ||||||
| Paint | A product in liquid or powder form which, when applied to a surface, forms a dry film having identification, protective, decorative or other specific technical properties. | ||||||
| Pallet | Platform on which goods are stacked for storage and/or transportation by fork lift truck. | ||||||
| Pan-life cycle | Under the HSNO Act, controls that are applicable to any or all phases of the life cycle of substances - generally irrespective of the substance's hazardous property. | ||||||
| Pan pan | Urgency marine radio signal. Used to indicate that the caller has a very urgent message to transmit. | ||||||
| PAR | Prescription Animal Remedy, a veterinary medicine registered under the ACVM Act. | ||||||
| PAR | Precision approach radar. | ||||||
| Parachute | Any device, without a motor in operation, comprising a flexible drag, or lift/drag, surface from which a load is suspended by shroud lines capable of controlled deployment from a packed condition. | ||||||
| Parachute assembly | Any parachute and its associated harness and container system and other component parts for use by persons. | ||||||
| Paraesthesia | Abnormal sensations in the skin caused by an external stimulus, e.g. an insect bite. | ||||||
| Paraglider | A hang glider with no rigid primary structure. | ||||||
| Paramedic | An ambulance officer with advanced life support skills. | ||||||
| Para-occupational exposure | Indirect exposure to a hazardous substance brought from the workplace to another place. | ||||||
| Parenteral | Term applied to the administration of drugs by any other route other than by the mouth or by the bowel. | ||||||
| Parking brake | A brake readily applicable and capable of remaining applied for an indefinite period without further attention. | ||||||
| Parkinson's disease | A neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system associated with damage to the substantia nigra. Persons with the disease characteristically have slow and decreased movement, muscular rigidity, tremor and postural instability. The only known causative occupational exposure is manganese, although pesticides have been strongly implicated. | ||||||
| Particulates | A generic term to refer to aerosols such as dust, mists, smoke and fumes. | ||||||
| Parting off | The process of cutting off a length from the workpiece in a lathe, using a parting tool. | ||||||
| Pascal | The SI unit of pressure. (See also mm Hg). 101.25 kPa = 1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg. | ||||||
| Pascal-squared hours (Pa2h) | A measure of the noise exposure of a person. It is an alternative means of stating how much noise to which a person has been exposed. A noise exposure level of 85 dB(A) is the same as 1 Pa2h. | ||||||
| Pass chain | A chain which is used to pull or hold a rope. | ||||||
| Pass block | Light-weight block hung at the top of a support tree and used to lift the skyline block/jack and other gear in rigging the tree. | ||||||
| Passenger | Any person carried on a ship, other than: (a) the master and members of the crew, and any other person employed or engaged in any capacity on board the ship on t he business of the ship: (b) a person on board the ship either in pursuance of an obligation laid upon the master to carry shipwrecked, distressed, or other persons, or by reason of any circumstances that neither the master nor the owner nor the charterer (if any) could have prevented or forestalled: (c) a child under the age of 1 year. |
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| Passenger ropeway | A cableway or ropeway: (a) to which the motion of machinery is transmitted; and (b) that is or could be used for conveying in a horizontal or inclined plane persons who are (i) on skis; or (ii) supported by chairs; or (iii) in enclosed cars that are attached to or supported by a moving cable or rope; or attached to a moving cable or rope but supported by a standing cable or rope or some other overhead structure. |
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| Passenger vehicle | A vehicle constructed primarily for the carriage of passengers. | ||||||
| Passenger service vehicle (PSV) | A vehicle used to carry passengers for hire or reward, or a passenger vehicle with 13 or more seats or any heavy vehicle with 10 seats or more. | ||||||
| Passive inhalation | Inhalation of smoke and its contents by individuals not smoking at the time but who take into their airways smoke drifting from other people's cigarettes. | ||||||
| Passive monitor | A device which samples the atmosphere by molecular diffusion, with analyte being adsorbed by an adsorbent medium within the sampler; the total mass of analyte collected is proportional to both average analyte concentration in the air and the time for which the sampler is exposed. | ||||||
| Pasteurisation | The application of a heat treatment to food that is intended to destroy vegetative forms of pathogenic micro-organisms, reduce or destroy vegetative forms of micro-organisms that cause spoilage or that interfere with desirable fermentations. | ||||||
| Pasting | The process in the manufacture of accumulators whereby a mixture containing any oxide of lead or other lead product is added to the plates. | ||||||
| Pathogenicity | The quality of producing, or the ability to produce, pathological changes of disease. | ||||||
| Pathology | That branch of medicine which treats of the essential nature of disease, especially of the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body which cause or are caused by disease. The structural and functional manifestations of disease. | ||||||
| Pattern | Model of a part which is to be made by casting. Must be bigger than the required size to allow for the molten metal to shrink, due to cooling, after it solidifies. | ||||||
| Payload | Net weight of the load of a loaded vehicle; gross minus tare weight. | ||||||
| Payload capacity | The gross vehicle mass of a vehicle less its unladen mass. | ||||||
| Payload capacity | (aircraft) Means: (1) when a maximum zero fuel weight is not prescribed, the maximum certificated takeoff weight of an aircraft, less the empty weight, less all justifiable aircraft equipment, and less the operating load consisting of - (i) the minimum weight of fuel required under the CAR for a flight between domestic points 174 nm apart, assuming VFR weather conditions; and (ii) the lesser of the maximum oil capacity as specified on the Type Certificate Data Sheet or 160 kg of oil; and (iii) required flight crew members at 91 kg per crew member; and (iv) required catering supplies; or (2) when a maximum zero fuel weight is prescribed, the maximum zero fuel weight less the empty weight that, except for disposable fuel and oil, consists of: (i) all justifiable aircraft equipment, and the operating load; and (ii) minimum flight crew at 91 kg per crew member; and (iii) required catering supplies. |
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| Pawl | A small pivoted lever which engages in the teeth of a ratchet wheel to prevent it turning backwards. | ||||||
| PbB | Lead in blood; measured in microgram of lead per decilitre of blood, µg/dl. | ||||||
| PbD | Lead in dust; measured in microgram of lead per gram of dust µg/g (same as mg/kg or ppm). | ||||||
| PbS | Lead in soil; measured in microgram of lead per gram of soil, µg/g (same as mg/kg or ppm). | ||||||
| PCBs | Polychlorinated biphenyls. | ||||||
| PCDDs | Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins - a group of structurally related chemicals which resist degradation and include a varying number of chlorine atoms. | ||||||
| PCDD/Fs | Collectively the PCDDs and PCDFs. | ||||||
| PCDF | Polychlorinated dibenzo furans - a group of structurally related chemicals which resist degradation and include a varying number of chlorine atoms. | ||||||
| PCM | Phase contrast microscopy. | ||||||
| PCP | Pentachlorophenol, a fungicide used widely as an anti-sapstain treatment on wood from Pinus radiata in the timber industry. PCP contained dioxin and other chlorinated organic impurities. | ||||||
| Peak noise level | The highest linear (unweighted) peak sound pressure level in decibels referenced to 20 micropascals determined by sound measuring equipment with 'Peak' time weighting, as specified in the International Standard IEC 651:1979. | ||||||
| PEB | Post-election briefing (to the incoming government). | ||||||
| PEC | The predicted environmental concentration, being based on an exposure assessment to predict the concentration of the substance which is likely to be found in a particular compartment in the environment. | ||||||
| PEC/PNEC | The ratio between the predicted environmental concentration and the predicted no effect concentration for the environmental compartment under consideration. | ||||||
| Pedestrian truck | (Sometimes called walkie truck.) An industrial truck which the operator is intended to control while NOT riding on the truck. | ||||||
| Pene, peen | To burr over or deform the head of a component by hammering. | ||||||
| Peracute | Very acute and violent. | ||||||
| Perceived risk | The level of risk that is thought to exist by an individual or a group. | ||||||
| Perceptual motor co-ordination | (sometimes called motor performance) Refers to the ability to perform skilled movement (e.g. tasks involving eye/hand co-ordination). | ||||||
| Percolating hose | Fire hose that allows water to weep through it. Weeping
helps protect the hose from fire damage. A non-percolating hose does not allow water to weep through it. It has a smooth inner allowing greater pressure and volume, and is used to transport water to fires. |
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| Performance-based approach | The performance-based approach [to controls] means
that the objective to be achieved by a control is specified in such
a way that:
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| Performance indicator | A measure of the quality of a service. This may be numerical or descriptive. | ||||||
| Performance monitoring | Continuous or periodic quantitative and qualitative assessments of the actual performance compared with specific objectives, targets or standards. | ||||||
| Performance requirements | Controls which say what is to be achieved (including in measurable terms), without being prescriptive. | ||||||
| Performance specification | The degree of performance required. 'How much, and of what quality?' | ||||||
| Performance Standard | An internationally recognised standard describing the performance of a structure or material in a defined series of tests. Examples are ISO, OECD, SAE, AS, and NZS standards. | ||||||
| Pericardium | The fibrous sac surrounding the heart and base of the great vessels. | ||||||
| Peri-conceptional | Around the time of birth. | ||||||
| Peripheral neuropathy | Term describing a group of disorders characterised by temporary or permanent damage to nerves outside the central nervous system. | ||||||
| Peripheral neurotoxins | Substances that result in damage to nerves. In the occupational environment, these include metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic; organic solvents such as n-hexane, carbon disulphide and trichloroethylene; pesticides such as organophosphates; and other substances such as acrylamide. | ||||||
| Peritoneum | The membrane lining the abdominal cavity. It is derived from the same type of embryological tissue as the pleura. | ||||||
| Permanent gas | A gas that has a critical temperature at or below 0°C, where critical temperature is the temperature above which the gas cannot be liquefied by increasing the pressure. | ||||||
| Permit | A written order giving permission to act, especially for entry into a place. | ||||||
| Permit to work | (1) Specifies
details of the location and type of work to be done, confirms that
identified hazards have been evaluated, and specifies the necessary
protective measures. (2) See Written authority. |
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| Persistence | The quality of remaining for a long period of time (such as in the environment or the body). Persistent chemicals (such as DDT and PCBs) are not easily broken down. | ||||||
| Persistent organic pollutant (POP) | (a) Means a substance listed in Schedule 2A [HSNO Act]
and (b) includes a substance containing one or more of those substances; but (c) does not include a substance occurring in quantities as unintentional trace contaminants in products and articles. |
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| Person | An individual, corporation, partnership, legal entity, or business. Includes the Crown. | ||||||
| Person intending to work | A person who has been offered, and accepted, work as an employee; and 'intended work' has a corresponding meaning. | ||||||
| Person-years | The number of years that a person in a study population has been observed. | ||||||
| Person who controls a place of work | In terms of the HSE Act is a person who, in relation to a place of work, is: (a) the owner, lessee, sublessee, occupier or person in possession, of the place or any part of it; or (b) the owner, lessee, sublessee, or bailee of any plant in the place. A home may be a place of work, but the person whose home it is does not have the duties of a person in control of a place of work in relation to it. | ||||||
| Person with disabilities | Any person who suffers from physical or mental disability to such a degree that he or she is seriously limited in the extent to which he or she can engage in the activities, pursuits, and the processes of everyday life. | ||||||
| Personal care | Help with personal care, e.g. bathing, showering, dressing (also known as attendant care). | ||||||
| Personal flotation device | Any serviceable buoyancy aid that is designed to be
worn on the body and that is certified by a recognised authority as
meeting: (a) type 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, or 408 in NZ Standard 5823:1989 or NZ Standard 5823:2001; or (b) a national or international standard that the Director is satisfied substantially complies with types 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, or 408 of the NZ Standard 5823:1989 or NZ Standard 5823:2001. |
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| Personal grievance | Any grievance that an employee may have against the
employee's employer or former employer because of a claim: (a) that the employee has been unjustifiably dismissed; or (b) that the employee's employment, or 1 or more conditions of the employee's employment (including any condition that survives termination of the employment), is or are or was (during employment that has since been terminated) affected to the employee's disadvantage by some unjustifiable action by the employer; or (c) that the employee has been discriminated against in the employee's employment; or (d) that the employee has been sexually harassed in the employee's employment; or (e) that the employee has been racially harassed in the employee's employment; or (f) that the employee has been subject to duress in the employee's employment in relation to membership or non-membership of a union or employees organisation. |
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| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | Any item of equipment used to protect a person from hazards, e.g. safety helmet, safety goggles, safety belt and line. | ||||||
| Personal samples | Atmospheric samples collected within the breathing zone of the worker are called personal samples. | ||||||
| Pest | (a) Includes any unwanted living organism including
micro-organisms, pest agents, and any genetic structure that is capable
of replicating itself (whether that structure comprises all or only
part of an entity, and whether it comprises all or only part of the
total genetic structure of an entity) that may affect plants, animals,
or raw primary produce; and (b) Includes any entity declared to be a pest for the purposes of this Act by Order in Council made under subsection (2): (c) Does not include (i) any human being or living organism which affects only human beings; and (ii) any living organism declared not to be a pest by Order in Council. |
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| Pest agent | In relation to any pest, means any organism capable
of: (a) helping the pest replicate, spread, or survive; or (b) interfering with the management of the pest. |
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| Pest risk assessment | Determination of whether a pest is a quarantine pest and evaluation of its introduction potential. | ||||||
| Pesticide | Chemical poisons used to kill pests. Includes herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. | ||||||
| P.E.T.N. | Penta-erythritol-tetra-nitrate. | ||||||
| Petechial | A small red spot caused by a minute haemorrhage into the skin. | ||||||
| Petrol | A refined petroleum distillate, normally boiling within the limits of 15°C to 220°C, whether or not it contains additives, that is intended for use as a fuel in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. | ||||||
| Petroleum | (a) Means (i) A naturally occurring hydrocarbon (other than coal), whether solid state; or (ii) A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons (other than coal), gaseous, liquid, or solid state; or (iii) A naturally occurring mixture of 1 or more hydrocarbons (other in a gaseous, liquid, or solid state, and 1 or more of carbon dioxide, sulphide, mercaptan, or nitrogen; and (b) Includes petroleum, as defined in paragraph (a), that has been (i) Mined or otherwise recovered from its natural condition; or (ii) Mined or otherwise recovered from its natural condition and reservoir for storage purposes in the same or an adjacent area. |
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| PFCs | Perfluorocarbons. | ||||||
| PFDs | Personal floatation devices. | ||||||
| PFV (Plastic-Filled Valley) | Wire rope with plastic around the component strands and filling the valleys of the rope. | ||||||
| PGDB | Plumbers, Gasfitters and Drainlayers Board. | ||||||
| PGD Act | Plumbers, Gasfitters and Drainlayers Act 1976. | ||||||
| PGDipHealMgt | Postgraduate Diploma in Health Management. | ||||||
| PGDHealSc | Postgraduate Diploma in Health Sciences, endorsed in Occupational Health. | ||||||
| pg/g | Concentration units in picograms(pg) per gram(g) where a picogram is 10-12 grams. | ||||||
| pg/kg bw/day | Measure of intake in picograms per kilogram body weight per day. | ||||||
| pH | A value representing how acid or alkaline a solution is. Pure water is neutral at pH7. Acids have a pH of less than 7. The lower the number, the stronger the acid (minimum 0). Alkalis have a pH greater than 7. | ||||||
| Pharmaceutical | (a) A prescription medicine, a restricted medicine,
or a pharmacy-only medicine, as listed in Parts 1, 2, and 3 of Schedule
1 of the Medicines Regulations 1984; or (b) a controlled drug as defined in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. |
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| Pharmacist | A health practitioner who: (a) is, or is deemed to be, registered with the Pharmacy Council established by section 114(5) of the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 as a practitioner of the profession of pharmacy; and (b) holds a current practising certificate. |
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| Pharmacokinetics | The quantitative description of the fate of an exogenous substance in an organism. It involves the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (metabolism and excretion equal elimination) of the substance by the organism. | ||||||
| PHO | Primary Health Organisation. | ||||||
| Phosphocreatine | A compound in muscles that releases energy for muscle contraction. | ||||||
| Photoallergic contact dermatitis | A skin condition brought on by exposure to light following skin contact with certain types of chemicals, such as sulphonamides. | ||||||
| Photochemical reactions | Chemical reactions that occur in the presence of sunlight. | ||||||
| Physical hazard | A workplace hazard such as noise, vibration, extremes of temperature, manual handling movements and postures, and work at heights. | ||||||
| Physical state/form | Whether a product is in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state at room temperature (20°C). | ||||||
| Physiotherapist | A health practitioner who (a) is, or is deemed to be, registered with the Physiotherapy Board continued by section 114(1)(a) of the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 as a practitioner of the profession of physiotherapy; and (b) holds a current practising certificate. |
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| Phytotoxic | Poisonous to plants. | ||||||
| Pickling | Removal of dirt, rust, etc. by immersion in acid. | ||||||
| Picograms per cubic metre | 1 thousand billionth of a gram of a substance in a cubic metre of air, soil or water. | ||||||
| PIEAC | Petroleum Industry Emergency Action Committee. | ||||||
| Piezoelectric effect | Production of an electric field by applying mechanical strain to crystals such as quartz. | ||||||
| Pigment | Insoluble fine particles giving paint colour and opacity. | ||||||
| Pillow mount bearings | Bearings supplied with their own housings, adapters and seals. They mostly incorporate self-aligning bearings which do not require precision mounting. | ||||||
| Pilot | In relation to any ship, means any person not being the master or a member of the crew of the ship who has the conduct of the ship. | ||||||
| Pilot-in-command | In relation to any aircraft, means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft. | ||||||
| Pilot vehicle | A motor vehicle that escorts an overdimension and/or overweight motor vehicle, and that warns road users of the potential hazard created by the overdimension and/or overweight motor vehicle, or its load, or both. | ||||||
| PIMs | Poisons information monographs. | ||||||
| Pinch point | A point at which it is possible to be caught between moving parts, or between moving and stationary parts, of a piece of equipment. For an arm, the distance will be less than 100 mm. | ||||||
| Pinching | In tree felling, when a cut being made closes on the cutter bar, trapping the saw. | ||||||
| Pinion | The smaller of a pair of gear wheels. | ||||||
| Pipe or tubing | A tubular material made to dimensional specifications wherein a diameter is specified internally, externally or as a nominal diameter. | ||||||
| Pipeline (petroleum) | (a) Means: (i) Any pipeline that was authorised under the Petroleum Act 1937; or (ii) any pipeline or proposed pipeline likely to be permanent and used or intended to be used for the conveyance of any mineral, petroleum, geothermal fluid, natural gas, or any other fluid that, at ambient conditions, has inherent properties that may create a significant hazard; and (b) Includes any part of a pipeline or proposed pipeline, including (i) any directly associated fitting, pig launcher, or receiver; and (ii) any pressure vessel and its associated appurtenances, including any compressor, filter, separator, coalescer, or pulsation bottle; and (iii) any natural gas cooler associated with any pipeline compressor, pump, or tank; and (iv) any appurtenance required for the conveyance of the product or material in the pipeline or for its safe operation; but (c) Does not include (i) any bulk storage installation; or (ii) any pipeline wholly within the boundary of the plant that the pipeline is servicing; or (iii) any pipeline between a bulk storage installation and another form of transport that is not an extension of a pipeline as defined in these regulations; or (iv) any pipeline with a pressure of 2000 kP gauge or less under the control of a gas distributor and used to distribute gas from the boundary of the gasworks or gate station or outlet flange supplying gas for distribution; or (v) any pipeline or part of a pipeline offshore that forms part of an offshore petroleum operation; or (vi) any pipeline 150 mm in diameter or less that is not associated with the production of electricity and that contains geothermal fluids; or (vii) any pipelines solely used for the purposes of conveying water. |
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| Piping components (pressure equipment) | Means (a) bolting, fittings, flanges, gaskets, pipes, supports, tubing, and valves; (b) mechanical elements that are or could be assembled or joined to form pressure piping systems; (c) dryers, expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure hoses, strainers, traps, or similar devices (i) that are associated with a kind of pressure equipment the purpose of which is to contain all or any of the following: - gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or - liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or - team; and (ii) including all items and safety devices that are necessary to maintain the safety of the kind of pressure equipment, whether the kind of pressure equipment stands alone or is part of an operating system. |
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| Pipeline riser | A section of pipeline containing petroleum and greater than 40 mm in diameter that (a) connects an installation to a section of pipeline lying in or in close proximity to the seabed; and (b) extends outwards from the installation. | ||||||
| Pitch | Distance between centres of similar items, e.g. screw thread peaks, gear teeth, chain rollers, rivet holes, etc. | ||||||
| Pitch | In human hearing, pitch corresponds to frequency. Frequency is the number of pressure fluctuations or vibrations per second, and is measured in Hertz (Hz). If high frequency tones (e.g., 20,000Hz) predominate, they are regarded as high-pitched sounds with low-frequency tones regarded as low-pitched. | ||||||
| Pitch | On a chainsaw, a measure of chain size. Measured as 1/2 the distance between any three rivets. | ||||||
| Pivot steer vehicle | A vehicle with a chassis that is split into two dependent parts that are connected by a permanent steering pivot. | ||||||
| PJ | Petajoules. | ||||||
| Placard | Any of the following attached to the outside of vehicles,
tanks, freight containers or containers for bulk quantities of dangerous
goods: (a) an enlarged version of a label representing a class or division of dangerous goods; (b) a black and orange horizontally striped label displaying either the word 'DANGEROUS' or 'HAZARDOUS'; (c) an emergency information panel. |
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| Placarding | Affixing an enlarged label (a placard) to the exterior surfaces of a cargo transport unit, unit load, or overpack to provide warning that the contents of the unit are dangerous goods and present risks, unless the labels or marks affixed to the packages are clearly visible from the exterior of the unit. | ||||||
| Place of work | A place (whether or not within or forming part of a building, structure, or vehicle) where any person is to work, is working, for the time being works, or customarily works, for gain or reward; and, in relation to an employee, includes a place under control of the employer. | ||||||
| Plain bearing | A bearing where the moving part is supported by a stationary sleeve made of a bearing metal and lubricated. | ||||||
| Planing machine | A woodworking machine that is used either for overhand planing or for thicknessing or for both operations. | ||||||
| Planing speed | On a jet boat, a speed of 35 kilometres per hour or more. | ||||||
| Plans and specifications (building) | The drawings, specifications, and other documents according
to which a building is proposed to be constructed, altered, demolished,
or removed, including proposed procedures for inspection during construction,
alteration, demolition, or removal, and also including (in respect
of construction or alteration) (a) the intended use of the building; and (b) the design features or systems which the applicant considers will be required to be included in any compliance schedule issued in terms of section 44 of the Buildings Act 1991; and (c) the proposed procedures for inspection and routine maintenance for the purposes of that compliance schedule in respect of those design features or systems. |
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| Plant | Plant includes any: (a) appliance, equipment, fitting, furniture, implement, machine, machinery, tool, and vehicle; and (b) part of any plant, the controls of any plant, and any thing connected to any plant. |
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| Plasma | A body of ionised gas produced when a welding arc generates a temperature high enough to enable a gas to dissociate into positive ions and electrons. The gas in the centre of the arc is dissociated into a plasma. It then flows away from the centre of the arc and reassociates itself to produce neutral atoms, giving up its energy in the form of heat. | ||||||
| Plate magnet | A permanently magnetised plate, usually mounted in the bottom of a chute. | ||||||
| Platen | The work table of a machine, usually provided with 'tee' slots for attaching jigs, dies, or workpieces. May be fixed or moving. | ||||||
| Play | Slack or wear between two parts of a machine. | ||||||
| Playground equipment | Equipment and structures, including components and constructional elements, with, or on which, children can play outdoors or indoor, either individually or in groups, according to their own rules or own reasons for playing, which can change at any time. | ||||||
| Playing surface | Surface of a playground from which the use of the playground equipment commences. | ||||||
| Pleasure craft | A ship that is used exclusively for the owner's pleasure
or as the owner's residence, and is not offered or used for hire or
reward; but does not include: (a) a ship that is provided for transport or sport or recreation by or on behalf of any institution, hotel, motel, place of entertainment, or other establishment or business: (b) a ship that is used on any voyage for pleasure if it is normally used or intended to be normally used as a fishing ship or for the carriage of passengers or cargo for hire or reward: (c) a ship that is operated or provided by any club, incorporated society, trust, or business. |
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| Pleura | The membrane lining the chest cavity and the lungs. | ||||||
| Pleural effusion | A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. | ||||||
| Pleural plaque | A non-malignant localised mass of tissue arising from the pleura. | ||||||
| Pleural thickening | A more diffuse, non-malignant, mass of tissue arising from the pleura. | ||||||
| Plies | Sheets of rubber-coated textile or steel wire cords from which the casing of a tyre is constructed. A single ply consists of a sheet of cord fabric or steel in which the cords run parallel to one another and are insulated from each other by a layer of resilient rubber compound. | ||||||
| Plug | A fitting designed to be attached to a flexible cord, which has exposed pins, arranged to enter and fit into a socket or a socket-outlet. A plug will have 2 or 3 pins depending on whether the appliance fed from it has an earth connection or is double insulated. | ||||||
| Plugged cylinder | One in which a permanent closure in the base of a finished cylinder has been effected by a plug. | ||||||
| Ply rating | The term 'ply rating' is now used to identify a given tyre with its maximum recommended load for its specific job. It is an index of tyre strength and does not necessarily represent the number of actual plies. The ply rating system is being discontinued in favour of load indices. | ||||||
| PM10 | Particulate matter that is: (a) less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter; and (b) measured in accordance with the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 - Protection of Environment, Volume 2, Part 50, Appendix J - Reference method for the determination of particulate matter as PM10 in the atmosphere. |
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| PMS | Patient management system. | ||||||
| PNEC | The predicted no effect concentration, being an effect assessment derived from ecotoxicity data to predict the concentration of the substance below which adverse effects in the environmental sphere of concern (ecosystems and communities) are not expected to occur. | ||||||
| PECPR Regulations | Health and Safety in Employment (Pressure Equipment, Cranes and Passenger Ropeways) Regulations 1999. | ||||||
| Pneumatic cylinder | Similar to a hydraulic cylinder but uses compressed air as a working fluid. | ||||||
| Pneumatic tyre | A tyre that, when in use, is inflated by air or gas introduced from time to time under pressure so as to enclose under normal inflation a cushion of air or gas forming altogether at least half of the total area of an average cross-section of a tyre so inflated. | ||||||
| Pneumatic (machines) | Machines producing or powered by compressed air or other compressed gases. | ||||||
| Pneumococcal disease | A common community infection. It usually causes respiratory tract infection, mainly pneumonia in adults, but may also cause severe, widespread infection. The risk of pneumococcal disease is increased by exposure to tobacco smoke, including environmental tobacco smoke. | ||||||
| Pneumoconiosis | Fibrotic lung diseases caused only by occupational exposure to specific mineral dusts. The most important of these are silicosis, asbestosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis, which are caused by exposure to silica, asbestos and coal dust respectively. | ||||||
| Point source emissions | Emissions of wastes from significant, fixed sources such as large industrial premises. | ||||||
| Poison | Under the HSNO Act means a deadly poison, a dangerous poison, and a standard poison, as listed in the relevant Schedules to the Toxic Substances Regulations 1983. | ||||||
| Poisson distribution | A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a time or space continuum. | ||||||
| Pole cap | A steel cap fitted to the top of a spar, to which guys and/or blocks are attached. | ||||||
| Pole strap | A work positioning strap designed to be placed around a power pole and attached at two points, one on each side of a body belt, whilst the wearer is working on the pole. | ||||||
| Pole trailer | A trailer that is attached to a towing vehicle by a telescoping or sliding pole, and is designed to support a common long load spanning between the trailer and the towing vehicle. | ||||||
| Polydipsia | Increased water consumption. | ||||||
| Polymer | Large molecules built up by the combination of many small molecules through a chemical process called polymerisation. These molecules can consist of many thousands of atoms in chains or networks of repeating units. | ||||||
| Polyurethane | A chemical linkage in finishes, plastic parts and flexible parts. Polyurethane paints are known for their durability. | ||||||
| Polyuria | Increased urination. | ||||||
| Pooling substance | A hazardous substance that (a) is a liquid; or (b) is likely to liquefy in a fire. | ||||||
| POPs | Persistent organic pollutants. Organic chemicals which are persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic, and transported by natural and meteorological processes over long ranges. POPs are the subject of an international effort for global regulation. They include, among other chemicals, PCDD/DFs, PCBs and OC pesticides. | ||||||
| Population attributable risk (PAR) | The difference between the incidence (or mortality) rate of a specified disease in the total population and in those not exposed to a given risk factor for the disease. | ||||||
| Population health | The health of groups, families and communities. Populations may be defined by locality, biological criteria such as age or gender, social criteria such as socioeconomic status, or cultural criteria such as whanau. | ||||||
| Port | A coastal marine area within a harbour occupied by a port company pursuant to a coastal permit issued under section 384A of the Resource Management Act 1991, or pursuant to any other lawful right of occupation, and includes any berth or channel that is agreed by the regional council and the port company to be the responsibility of the port company. | ||||||
| Port company | A port company established under the Port Companies Act 1988 and any other operator of a port facility as determined by a regional council. | ||||||
| Port facility | A location, as determined by the chief executive, where the ship-port interface takes place, including areas such as anchorages, waiting berths, and approaches from seaward; and includes fixed and floating platforms. | ||||||
| Port facility security officer | The person designated by the operator of a port facility as responsible for the development, implementation, revision, and maintenance of the port facility security plan and for liaison with the ship security officer. | ||||||
| Port facility security plan | A plan developed to ensure the application of measures designed to protect the port facility and ships, persons, cargo, cargo transport units, and ship's stores within the port facility from the risks of a security incident. | ||||||
| Port Safety Inspector | A Port Safety Inspector of the Maritime Safety Director of New Zealand. | ||||||
| Port work or port operation | Means and includes all and any part of the work of loading and unloading of any ship as well as any work incidental thereto, including warehousing, clerical, rail and road transport operators and others that are employed within the port confines. | ||||||
| Portable tank | A tank having a capacity of more than 450 litreswhose shell is fitted with items of service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the transport of dangerous substances whose vapour pressure is not more than 3 bar (absolute) at a temperature of 50°C. It is a tank that has stabilising members external to the shell and is not permanently secured on board the ship. Its contents should not be loaded or discharged while the tank remains on board. It should be capable of being loaded and discharged without the need of removal of its structural equipment and be capable of being lifted on and off the ship when loaded. | ||||||
| Positive display | A method of VDU screen character display that shows dark characters on a bright backgound (like paper). | ||||||
| Positive pressure | Condition that exists when more air is supplied to a space than is exhausted, so the air pressure within that space is greater than that in surrounding areas. | ||||||
| Possible carcinogen | Compound that has shown some evidence for carcinogenity in animals but for which there is no human data. | ||||||
| Post-border detection | Detection of a pest after biosecurity clearance has been completed. | ||||||
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder | An anxiety disorder, beyond the normal response to stress, caused by exposure to a highly traumatic event that has been excessively demanding. In an emergency, it can affect both victims and emergency service and other aid personnel. | ||||||
| Postural fixity | The task can be carried out in only one working posture,
often due to inflexibility resulting from the design of the workplace.
This postural fixity results in static loading of the musculoskeletal
system and should be avoided. e.g, computer workstation furniture
that is non-adjustable and is not the appropriate size and shape for
the user. Or, a term used by Grieco (1986) to describe the static postures of the head, neck and trunk that occur in VDT work. |
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| Potable water | Water that satisfies health standards with respect to its chemical and biological composition and is agreeable to drink. | ||||||
| Potency | Refers to the strength of a drug or preparation. In the case of cannabis, potency is measured by the THC content. | ||||||
| Potential daily exposure (PDE) | The amount of a hazardous substance (mg/kg body weight/day) that a person is likely to be exposed to through a particular exposure route. | ||||||
| Potentiometric method | Method of analysis by which a known quantity of gas is first passed through a solution, where a specific gas component or a group of components is (are) selectively absorbed, then the absorbed analyte(s) in the solution is (are) evaluated by potentiometric titration. NOTE: The result is a titration curve showing the potentiometric end points for the components being sought versus the titration solutions required. From this data, the concentrations of the various components can be calculated. | ||||||
| Powder-actuated fastening tool | A hand tool for driving a pin, stud, bolt, or similar object into or through building materials, by means of an explosive force derived from the detonation of a cartridge containing an explosive. | ||||||
| Powder coating | A coating that is applied to the surface as a finely ground powder then heated above its melting point and flows together, creating a consistent film. | ||||||
| Power | Rate at which work is done or electrical energy is converted into work. | ||||||
| Power flux density | The amount of radiofrequency energy passing through a given area. It is measured in watts per square metre (W/m2) or in microwatts per square centimetre (µW/cm2), the latter being 1/100th of the former. The normal relationship between power flux density and electric and magnetic field strength does not apply within 100-200 m of AM transmitters. | ||||||
| Power grip | A type of grip action associated with use of a hand tool, e.g. a hammer. In a power grip, the fingers and thumb are used to clamp the object against the palm of the hand. This grip is a more powerful grip than precision as it allows approximately four times more force to be applied. | ||||||
| Powered glider | An aircraft equipped with one or more engines which has, with the engine or engines not operating, the performance characteristics of a glider. | ||||||
| Powered industrial lift truck | A vehicle drawn, propelled and operated by mechanical,
electrical or manual power, designed incorporating a powered lift
principally to lift, carry or stack goods by means of: (a) A fork consisting of one or more arms which support the load; or (b) A platform; or (c) Any attachment or other mechanism. Without limiting the above definition this includes forklifts, order pickers, side loaders, reach trucks, platform trucks, powered pallet trucks, straddle trucks and lateral stacking trucks. |
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| Powered swinging stage | A temporary working platform suspended on wire ropes from an overhead structure on a building, to provide access to parts of the building. | ||||||
| Power-operated elevating work platform | A working platform whose height is adjusted by powered means using articulation, scissors mechanism, telescoping boom or tower, or any combination of these. It may be vehicle mounted, self-propelled, towed, or manually moved. It includes personnel buckets temporarily or permanently attached to truck hoists. | ||||||
| Power supply cord | A flexible cord that is connected to an electrical appliance and has a plug for connection to a socket-outlet. | ||||||
| Power take off (PTO) shaft | The means by which the power of the tractor is used to drive trailed or mounted rotating equipment (hay baler, rotary hoe, mower, forage harvester, spray pump, etc.) | ||||||
| PPB | Parts per billion. | ||||||
| PPE | Personal protective equipment. | ||||||
| PPHM | Parts per hundred million. | ||||||
| PPL | Paid parental leave. | ||||||
| PPM | Parts per million - ppm (w/v) in water = mg/l ppm (w/w) in solids = mg/kg. | ||||||
| PRA | Prostitution Reform Act 2003. | ||||||
| Pratique | Permission for an aircraft, after landing, to disembark and commence operation. The primary purpose of the process of requesting and granting pratique is to help prevent the spread of infectious disease via international travel. | ||||||
| Precautionary approach | An approach specified in the HSNO Act requiring all persons exercising powers and functions under the Act to take into account the need for caution in managing adverse effects where there is scientific and technical uncertainty about those effects. | ||||||
| Precision | Closeness of agreement between independent measurement
results obtained under prescribed conditions NOTE 1: Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors and does not relate to the true value. NOTE 2: Precision is a qualitative term relating to the dispersion between the results of measurements of the same measurand, carried out under specified conditions of measurement. Quantitative measures of precision such as variance or standard deviation critically depend on the variation implied by the specified measurement conditions. |
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| Precision approach procedure | (aircraft) An instrument approach procedure utilising azimuth and glide path information. | ||||||
| Precision grip | A type of grip action associated with use of a hand tool e.g. a pen or a pair of tweezers. In a precision grip, the object is manipulated between the pads of the finger and thumb. | ||||||
| Preclearance | Phytosanitary certification and/or clearance in the country of origin, performed by or under the regular supervision of the national plant protection organisation of the country of origin. | ||||||
| Pre-fell | Area felled ahead of the extraction phase of the logging operation, usually associated with hauler logging or when shifting to a new stand. | ||||||
| Pre-flight information bulletin | A presentation of current NOTAM information of operational significance, prepared prior to flight. | ||||||
| Premature mortality | The social burden of fatal health outcomes, measured in terms of years of life lost. | ||||||
| Premises | Includes a dwelling, building, aircraft, ship, carriage, vehicle, box, receptacle, and place. | ||||||
| Pre-moulded earplug | An earplug that is inserted into the ear canal without the need for prior shaping. They are made from a number of materials and are often available in a range of sizes. | ||||||
| Presbyacusis | The gradual loss of hearing that can be attributed to the ageing process. | ||||||
| Preservation | In relation to resources under the Conservation Act 1987, means the maintenance, so far as is practicable, of their intrinsic value. | ||||||
| Prescribed electrical work | Electrical work prescribed in regulations made under
section 169 of the Electricity Act, being work that falls into any
of the following categories: (a) the construction or maintenance of electrical installations; (b) the maintenance of electrical appliances; (c) the connection or disconnection of works, electrical installations, and electrical appliances to or from a power supply, other than by means of: (i) a plug; or (ii) an appliance inlet; or (iii) a pin that is inserted into a socket outlet. |
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| Prescription medicine | A medicine that is declared by regulations made under
this Act [Medicines Act] or by a notice given under section 106 to
be one that, except as may be permitted by regulations made under
this Act, may be (a) sold by retail only under a prescription given by a practitioner, registered midwife, veterinarian, or a designated prescriber; and (b) supplied in circumstances corresponding to retail sale only (i) under a prescription given by a practitioner, registered midwife, veterinarian, or a designated prescriber; or (ii) in accordance with a standing order; and (c) administered only in accordance with (i) a prescription given by a practitioner, registered midwife, veterinarian, or a designated prescriber; or a standing order. |
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| Presence sensing (machine guard) | A guard which, without placing a physical barrier
between the operator and the dangerous parts of the machine, senses
the approach of a body or part of a body and, ensures that: (a) while any part of an operator's body is within the sensing field of the device, dangerous motion cannot start; and (b) should any part of the operator's body enter the sensing field of the device while the machine is operating, all dangerous motion shall stop before the operator can reach the dangerous parts. |
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| Pressure altitude | An atmospheric pressure, expressed in terms of altitude, which corresponds to that pressure in the standard atmosphere. | ||||||
| Pressure containment parts | Includes coils, drums, interconnecting parts, tubes, and vessels. | ||||||
| Pressure control device | A device that automatically regulates, to a predetermined level, the pressure of the gas passing through it. | ||||||
| Pressure equipment | Includes a boiler, boiler piping, compressor, fired heater, gas turbine, hot water boiler, piping component, pressure fitting, pressure piping, pressure vessel, pump, steam engine, or steam turbine. | ||||||
| Pressure fittings | (a) Fittings that are associated with a kind of pressure
equipment the purpose of which is to contain all or any of the following: (i) gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or (ii) liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or (iii) steam; and (b) Includes all mountings, pressure gauges, safety devices, valves, and other articles necessary to maintain the safety of the pressure equipment, whether the pressure equipment stands alone or is part of an operating system. |
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| Pressure piping | (a) An assembly of piping components the purpose of
which is to convey fluid, or transmit a fluid pressure, for any of
the following or any combination of them: (i) gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or (ii) liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag; or (iii) steam; and (b) Includes all pressure relief discharge piping up to the point of release; and (c) Includes all supports for pressure piping necessary to maintain the safety of the pressure equipment, whether the pressure equipment stands alone or is part of an operating system. |
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| Pressure relief | The controlled and automatic relief of pressure to a safe disposal location or system by the operation of a safety valve. | ||||||
| Pressure test | A hydraulic or pneumatic test carried out by applying a pressure greater than the safe working pressure to pressure-retaining parts or sections of pressure equipment to prove the pressure integrity of the construction, or, the adequacy of modifications or repairs made to it. | ||||||
| Pressure vessel | (a) Means an unfired vessel the purpose of which is
to hold, process store, transport, or use all or any of the following: (i) gases at pressures exceeding 50 kPag: (ii) liquids at pressures exceeding 50 kPag: (iii) steam; and (b) Includes all fittings, mountings, piping, and supports necessary to maintain the safety of the pressure vessel, whether the pressure vessel stands alone or is part of an operating system; and (c) Includes vessels heated by electricity or heated by a hot gas or liquid; but (d) Does not include fixed roofed or floating roofed storage tanks. |
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| Pre-stropping | Attaching strops to logs for the next drag while the previous drags are being extracted. | ||||||
| Prevalence | The number of cases of a disease at a point in time. | ||||||
| Preventable harm | Harm caused by action or inaction rather than by an underlying disease or disability, which could have been reasonably foreseeable and prevented given the state of technology and knowledge at the time the harm occurred. | ||||||
| Primary container | A container that is in direct contact with the dangerous goods that it contains and may be either the inner packaging of a combination packaging or a sole packaging. | ||||||
| Primary explosive substance | A substance that: (a) has the necessary sensitivity to heat, friction, or shock to make it suitable for initiating secondary detonating explosive substances and articles; and (b) when incorporated into an explosive article, is known as a primer or detonator. |
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| Primary health care | Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, culturally appropriate and socially acceptable methods. It is universally accessible to people in their communities, involves community participation, is integral to, and a central function of, the country's health system, and is the first level of contact with the health system. | ||||||
| Primary prevention | (1) Measures taken to prevent hazardous conditions
arising. (2) The prevention of any possibility of introduction of disease into a person. |
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| Primary produce | Any plant or animal, or any derivative of any plant or animal, intended for sale. | ||||||
| Primary producer | Means a farmer, and includes: - any person who (otherwise than as an employee) farms, raises, grows, or keeps animals for reward or for the purposes of trade in those animals or in animal material or products derived or taken from those animals; and - any person who hunts animals for reward or for purposes of trade. |
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| Primary risk | The most significant hazard posed by the a substance and is the hazard by which the substance is classified. | ||||||
| Primary standard | Standard that is designated or widely acknowledged
as having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted
without reference to other standards of the same quantity [VIM] [45] NOTE 1: The concept of primary standard is equally valid for base quantities and derived quantities. NOTE 2: A primary standard is never used directly for measurements other than for comparison with duplicate or reference standards. In general the National Standards Laboratory is responsible for the conservation of a primary standard in a country. |
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| Prime contractor | A person transporting their own dangerous goods, or a person who is responsible or undertakes to be responsible for the transport of dangerous goods from one place to another; but does not include a subcontractor engaged by that person. | ||||||
| Prime mover | An engine, motor, or other appliance that provides mechanical energy derived from steam water, wind, electricity, gas, gaseous products, or any other source, and includes any device which converts stored or potential energy into movement or mechanical energy. | ||||||
| Primer | A cartridge of high explosive into which a detonator or detonating fuse has been inserted or attached. | ||||||
| Principal | A person who or that engages any person otherwise than as an employee to do any work for gain or reward. | ||||||
| Principal display panel | In relation to a label, means the panel on the label on which the trade name of the product is displayed most prominently; and, where the name is displayed equally prominently on two or more panels, includes every such panel. | ||||||
| Privacy | The degree to which information is restricted to specific individuals, as defined by the Privacy Act. | ||||||
| Probability of Exceedance Level (PEL) | The probability that any event of specific size or larger will occur in a given period of time. If an event has a return time of one in one hundred years, then there is a 1% PEL that the event will occur this year. | ||||||
| Probable carcinogen | A compound that has shown some evidence of carcinogenity in humans, or, lacking adequate data on humans, there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenity in animals. | ||||||
| Procedure | A collection of techniques that, when used together, enables a total task outcome to be completed. | ||||||
| Product name | The brand name, trade name, code name, or code number specified by the manufacturer or importer. | ||||||
| Product specific approval | That part of an ACVM registration of an agricultural compound or veterinary medicine trade product that specifies the particular use requirements for that product in regard to manufacture, importation, sale, establishing control, identifying treated plants or animals, avoiding violative residues, notifying purchasers or processors, etc. | ||||||
| Production thinning | Cutting selected stems from a stand for extraction and sale. | ||||||
| Professional outdoor instructor | A professional who meets best practice standards set down by the national body responsible for the particular outdoor activity (for example, tramping leader/instructor, the New Zealand Mountain Safety Council). | ||||||
| Professional teacher | A registered teacher who has been through an annual appraisal process and met the professional standards for a teacher. | ||||||
| Profile | Graphic representation of ground configuration. | ||||||
| Programme | A group of activities directed towards achieving defined objectives and targets. | ||||||
| Programme evaluation | The assessment of policies, materials, personnel, performance, quality of practice or services and other inputs and implementation experiences. | ||||||
| Programmable logic controller | An electronic device which continuously accepts inputs from field devices and sensors and controls outputs, in accordance with an internal programme. Device which accepts a series of programming steps to perform logical functions. | ||||||
| Prohibition notice | Notice issued by an OSH inspector under the HSE Act, prohibiting a work activity until the hazard is eliminated. | ||||||
| Promulgated information incident | An incident that involves significantly incorrect, inadequate, or misleading information promulgated in any aeronautical information publication, map or chart. | ||||||
| Proof load | The total load that any lifting appliance or loose cargo gear is subjected to under test. | ||||||
| Proper shipping name | In relation to dangerous goods, means the name given
as the proper shipping name for a substance in: (a) New Zealand Standard 5433:1999, Transport of Dangerous Goods on Land; (b) United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods; (c) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; (d) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air of the International Civil Aviation Organisation; (e) Dangerous Goods Regulations of the International Air Transport Association. |
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| Propellant explosive substance | A substance that deflagrates (i.e. is capable of a steady high rate of production of gas sufficient to generate a force capable of producing movement or physical change, the rate of gas production under confinement is able to result in a detonation). | ||||||
| Propeller | A device, for propelling an aircraft, that has blades on an engine-driven shaft and that when rotated produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It includes control components normally supplied by its manufacturer, but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils of engines. | ||||||
| Prophylaxis | Treatment or action adopted with a view to warding off disease. | ||||||
| Propping | A system of temporary supports to prevent movement or unintended collapse. | ||||||
| Prostitution | The provision of commercial sexual services. | ||||||
| Protected path | That portion of an exitway within a firecell which is protected from the effects of smoke by smoke separations. | ||||||
| Protected work | Means: (a) any dwellinghouse, or any place of worship, public building, university, college, school, hospital, public institution, Court, theatre, or other building in which persons are accustomed to assemble; and (b) any factory, workshop, office, store, warehouse, shop, or other building where persons are regularly employed for the purpose of any trade or business, and any other building which a licensing authority may consider is of sufficient importance or value to warrant protection; and (c) any wooden decked wharf (not being a wharf specifically designed for the transfer of dangerous goods), public railway (not being a siding), or timber yard, and any place where it is customary for ships to berth, moor, or lie, but does not include a small office or other building connected with the storage or use of dangerous goods on premises in which such storage or use is a major function. |
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| Protection | In relation to resources under the Conservation Act 1987, means their maintenance, as far as is practicable, in their current state but includes restoration to some former state and augmentation, enhancement or expansion. | ||||||
| Protective eyewear | Any eye wear that complies with Australian/New Zealand Standard 1337: 1992 Eye protectors for industrial applications, Amendment 1 Sept 1994: Amendment 2 October 1997, or any other Standard embodying the same or more stringent criteria. | ||||||
| Protective leg-wear (chainsaw) | Any leg-wear that meets the Australian/New Zealand standard 4453.3 (1997). Protective clothing of users of handheld chainsaws Part 3 Protective legwear. | ||||||
| Protective fitting | A fitting that interrupts the flow of electricity to a circuit or part of a circuit under adverse conditions of over-current, short-circuit,or leakage to earth: and (without limitation) includes circuit-breakers, fuses, RCDs, and fault current limiters. | ||||||
| Proteinuria | Protein in urine. | ||||||
| Prothrombin | Blood clotting agent. | ||||||
| Protocol | The written design of any course of action in experimental service and/or medical intervention. The protocol will summarise the activities of the participants and considers the guidelines that should be followed and outlines the best practices that are generally recognised by professional persons who may be contributing to that course of action. | ||||||
| Protocol | Form of international agreement, for example the Biosafety Protocol. | ||||||
| Prudonce | A marine radio signal which is used to advise that complete silence is no longer needed on a frequency being used for distress traffic, and that restricted working may be resumed with caution. | ||||||
| Pruning gauge | A gauge used to establish pruned height from stem diameter. | ||||||
| PSA | Public Service Association. | ||||||
| PSNS | Parasympathetic nervous system. | ||||||
| Psychoactive | Refers to the type of drugs that affect mood, perception, thought processes and consciousness. People generally take psychoactive drugs with the intention of achieving euphoria, to improve their mood, and to relax. | ||||||
| Psychoses | A recognised psychiatric condition. It is characterised by marked impairment of behaviour and a serious inability to think coherently and to understand reality. | ||||||
| Psycho-social factors | The individual subjective perceptions of work organisation factors. They often have the same names as work organisation factors, but are different in that they carry 'emotional' value for the worker. Thus the nature of supervision can have positive or negative psycho-social effects (emotional stress), while the work organisation aspects are just descriptive of how the supervision is accomplished and do not carry emotional value. | ||||||
| PTO shaft | Power-take-off shaft - on a tractor. | ||||||
| Public health | Depending on the context, means either the health status of populations (or sections thereof) or, the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health. | ||||||
| Public health nurse (PHN) |
A registered general or comprehensive nurse attached to DHB public health services. | ||||||
| Public health research | Research into factors that influence the health of
a population; and includes: (a) research into health systems and health services; and (b) research into the environmental, socio-economic, cultural, and behavioural factors that determine health status. |
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| Public health services | Goods, services, and facilities provided for the purpose
of improving, promoting, or protecting public health or preventing
population-wide disease, disability, or injury; and includes: (a) regulatory functions relating to health or disability matters; and (b) health protection and health promotion services; and (c) goods, services, and facilities provided for related or incidental functions or purposes. |
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| Public Notice | [Under HSNO] means a notice published in one or more daily newspapers circulating in the main metropolitan areas together with such other public notice (if any) as the Authority or Minister thinks fit; and 'publicly notify' and 'public notification' have a corresponding meaning: | ||||||
| Public notification | Advertising in one or more daily newspapers, or by another method advised by the ERMA, an application for certain types of applications for hazardous substances or new organisms so that people can make submissions on them, or advertising a decision that has been made. | ||||||
| Public organisation | Means: (a) a Minister of the Crown; (b) a department of State; (c) a Crown entity (as defined in section 2(1) of the Public Finance Act 1989); (d) a State enterprise (as defined in section 2 of the State Owned Enterprises Act 1986); (e) a local authority. |
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| Public place | A place that, at any material time: (a) is open to, or being used by, the public, whether free or on payment of a charge, and whether or not any owner or occupier of the place is lawfully entitled to exclude or reject any person; and (b) includes, without limitation, any aircraft, hovercraft, ship or ferry or other vessel, train or vehicle carrying or available to carry passengers for reward. |
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| Public railway level crossing | A crossing of a railway at grade (on the level) that the public has access to (regardless of whether it is on a public or private road or railway). A private crossing that the public is invited to use (for delivery vehicles and customers/clients etc.) is also considered a public railway level crossing. | ||||||
| Public register | An information database containing information that is freely accessible to the public. In the context of the HSNO Act, means information databases that ERMA New Zealand maintains on applications and approvals for hazardous substances and new organisms, and on approved test certifiers. | ||||||
| Publicly available | In relation to a document, means that the document is promptly provided on request by any person on payment of a charge, if any, that is reasonable. | ||||||
| Puck | The input device used at a digitiser tablet. It performs functions almost identical to those of a mouse. | ||||||
| Pulaski | A hand tool used for chopping and grubbing. | ||||||
| Pull cord | Cord which operates a latching switch to stop motion. | ||||||
| Pulsing | Movement of a pressbrake beam in 'steps' of l0mm or less, each movement to be separately activated by a movement of the control pedal. To be used when no other method of guarding is possible for a given operation. | ||||||
| Pumped wells | Wells that are fitted with artificial lift devices, which may be surface- or downhole-mounted, to enable geothermal fluid to be extracted. | ||||||
| Punch and forming press | An open-front, single-crank press equipped with a ram or slide and with dies for the purpose of punching, blanking, coining, curling, bending, cutting, drawing, redrawing, or trimming material under pressure. It does not include pneumatic and hydraulic presses, heavy power presses, bending brakes, and hot-forging presses. | ||||||
| Purchase agreement | The agreement with the Minister on the outputs to be purchased from the Department. | ||||||
| Purchase block | Special block used to tighten ropes, usually containing two or more sheaves. | ||||||
| Pure tone audiometry | The basis for hearing evaluation. Hearing thresholds are measured for pure tones at different test frequencies. | ||||||
| Purge or purging | With respect to consumer piping means: (a) Replacing the air in consumer piping with gas or inert gas; or (b) Removing the gas from consumer piping by replacing the gas with either air or an inert gas. NOTE: The purpose of purging is to prevent the presence in the piping of an explosive mixture of gas and air. |
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| Purging | The use of air or inert gas to remove and replace a potentially dangerous atmosphere. | ||||||
| Push-pull attachment | A hydraulically powered forklift attachment arranged to enable the load to be pushed off, or pulled on to, the load-supporting forks, platens or platform. | ||||||
| Pusher arm | A steel attachment fixed to an extended boom on mechanically operated mobile equipment. | ||||||
| Putlog (or bearer or transom) | A horizontal member placed in the transverse direction between ledgers, standards, or other supports and used to support a working platform. | ||||||
| PVC | Polyvinyl chloride | ||||||
| Pyrometer | Instrument for measuring higher levels of temperature. | ||||||
| Pyrotechnic effect | In relation to a substance that is initiated, means the production in that substance of a self-sustaining exothermic chemical reaction resulting in heat, sound, light, gas, smoke, or motion, or a combination of these. | ||||||
| Pyrotechnic substance | A substance that produces pyrotechnic effects. | ||||||
| QC | Quality control. | ||||||
| QCC valve | Quick coupling connection valve. | ||||||
| Quad-axle set | A set of four axles where: (a) the centres of the first and fourth axles are spaced not less than 3.75 m, and not more than 4 m, apart; and (b) all axles contain an equal number of tyres of the same size; and (c) none of the axles is a single standard-tyred axle; and (d) the axles are a load-sharing set. |
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| Qualification issuing agency | An agency that has the functions of (a) issuing certificates of competence; and (b) advising applicants seeking certificates of competence on the equivalence of qualifications obtained outside New Zealand to certificates of competence. |
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| Quality assurance | Formal process of implementing quality assessment and quality improvement in programmes to assure people that professional activities have been performed adequately. | ||||||
| Quality management system | In relation to equipment means that: (a) the controller's system is currently certified, to a recognised industry standard, by a body accredited by the Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand; and (b) the controller has afforded an employee of the department nominated by the Secretary an opportunity of participating in assessments of the system carried out by the body. A controller who has a quality management system in relation to equipment must take all practicable steps to comply with it. |
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| Quality of life | An individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture in which they live, and in relation to their goals, expectations and standards. The term incorporates concepts of physical and psychological wellbeing, levels of independence and autonomy, social relationships and support, and spirituality. | ||||||
| Qualified person | A person who, by possession of a relevant recognised degree, other tertiary qualification or relevant certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training and proven experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work. | ||||||
| Quench | The injection of cold liquid into a well to condense or prevent the formation of steam, or to reduce temperatures for other purposes. | ||||||
| QES | Quarterly Employment Survey RBNZ (Reserve Bank of New Zealand). | ||||||
| Quality assurance | A comprehensive set of actions or procedures to ensure that all aspects of a service will perform satisfactorily. | ||||||
| Quality control | A set of tests routinely performed on a piece of equipment to confirm the satisfactory performance of it. | ||||||
| Quarantinable disease | In New Zealand means cholera, plague or yellow fever. | ||||||
| Quarantine | (1) Confinement of organisms or organic material that
may be harbouring pests or unwanted organisms. (2) The restriction of healthy contacts of an infectious case. |
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| Quarry | Any place where any person works above ground for the purpose of extracting or processing any material, other than any coal or any mineral from the earth. | ||||||
| Quick-closing internal valve | An internal valve designed and arranged to be closed both automatically by the operation of one or more heat- ensing devices (which may be fusible links) or manually from a remote position, or both, by the release of the means of holding the valve open. | ||||||
| Quick-connect device | A two-part mating plug and socket assembly for connecting a gas appliance to a gas supply without the use of tools. | ||||||
| R-value | The common abbreviation for describing the values of both thermal resistance and total thermal resistance. | ||||||
| Rack and pinion | A rack is a straight bar with gear teeth cut into it. A pinion is a small gear wheel. When meshed together, rotary movement of the pinion causes a linear movement of the rack or vice-versa. | ||||||
| Radar transponder | A survival craft radar transponder used to assist search and rescue between ships or aircraft and survival craft. | ||||||
| Radial deviation | One of the four classifications of wrist posture, radial deviation is characterised by an inward bend of the wrist. This inward bend reduces the wrist's strength; a 25o radial deviation can reduce grip strength by 20%. Ligaments and tendons are placed under stress which, if maintained for some length of time, can lead to fatigue and injury. | ||||||
| Radial-ply | A pneumatic tyre structure in which the ply cords, which extend from bead to bead, are laid at approximately 90 degrees to the centre-line of the tread, the carcass being stabilised by an essentially inextensible circumferential belt. | ||||||
| Radiant heat | Heat transfer directly through the air to other objects. | ||||||
| Radiation barrier | A shield interposed between a source of radiant heat and an object, and designed to reduce to an acceptable level the amount of radiant heat received by the object. | ||||||
| Radiation dose | A general term denoting the quantity of radiation. If unqualified, it refers to absorbed dose. | ||||||
| Radiation Protection Advisory Council (RPAC) | A council set up by the Radiation Protection Act 1965 to advise on matters arising from the administration of the Act. | ||||||
| Radioactive decay | The spontaneous transformation of the nucleus of an atom into another state, accompanied by the emission of radiation; for a quantity of such atoms, the expectation value of the number of atoms present decreases exponentially with time. | ||||||
| Radioactive material | Any article containing a radioactive substance giving it a specific radioactivity exceeding 100 kilobecquerels per kilogram and a total radioactivity exceeding 3 kilobecquerels. | ||||||
| Radioactive substance | A radionuclide or mixture of radionuclides, either alone or in chemical combination with other elements. | ||||||
| Radiofrequency | Any frequency used for radio transmissions, normally 0.1 MHz to 300,000 MHz. Radio signals are composed of linked electric and magnetic fields which travel away from the transmitter as an electromagnetic wave. The electric and magnetic fields can be referred to as radiofrequency fields, and the energy they carry as radiofrequency radiation. | ||||||
| Radiologist | A medical practitioner who holds a licence, appropriate to the treatment for which payment is sought, under the Radiation Protection Act 1965. | ||||||
| Radionuclide | An isotope of any element which spontaneously emits ionising radiation. | ||||||
| Radiopharmaceutical | A medicinal drug which is also a radioactive material. | ||||||
| Radiotherapist | A medical practitioner having special knowledge in the safe use or application of irradiating apparatus or radioactive materials for the purpose of treating or alleviating any abnormal condition of the human body. | ||||||
| Raft | Any moored floating platform which is not self-propelled; and includes platforms that provide buoyancy support for the surfaces on which fish or marine vegetation are cultivated or for any cage or other device used to contain or restrain fish or marine vegetation; but does not include booms situated on lakes subject to artificial control which have been installed to ensure the safe operation of electricity generating facilities. | ||||||
| Rahui | Embargo, quarantine, traditional Maori sanction to stop people using natural resources. | ||||||
| Rail safety system | A documented management system developed by a rail service operator, which defines the standards, practices and procedures for safe operation of the operator's railway. | ||||||
| Rail service | As defined in Section 2 of the Transport Services Licensing Act 1989, means the operation of rail service vehicles on a railway line. | ||||||
| Rail service vehicle | (a) Any vehicle that operates on, or uses, a set of
rails having a gauge of 550 mm or greater between them; and (b) includes a locomotive, carriage, railcar, tram, tramcar, light rail vehicle, self-propelled rail vehicle, or wagon used on a rail service; but (c) does not include a vehicle designed to operate both on and off rails, while it is not operating on rails. |
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| Rail service operator | A holder of a Rail Service Licence granted under Section 8 of the Transport Services Licensing Act 1989. Responsible for the safe operation of the railway, including the safety of staff, volunteers, customers, visitors, the deterrence of trespassers, and for establishing and maintaining compliance with a Rail Safety System, ensuring annual audits, and acting on audit recommendations and LTSA requirements. | ||||||
| Railway | Means the railway infrastructure, rail vehicles, and
other property (other than railway premises), including property specified
by regulations made under section 59(j) and vehicles prescribed under
section 59(k), that together are being used for the purpose of transporting
people or goods by rail; but excludes: (a)a railway used as an amusement device as defined in section 21A(1) of the Machinery Act 1950: (b)a railway that operates on a set of rails with a gauge of less than 550 mm between them, unless that set of rails is designated as a railway line under section 59(l): (c)a railway that operates on a railway line excluded by regulations made under section 59(m): (d)a private cable car. |
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| Raker | An inclined load-bearing member. | ||||||
| Ram | Hydraulically-operated steel shaft, usually double-acting, which can raise or lower, push or pull implements or parts of a machine. | ||||||
| Ramicorn | A large high-angled branch that often occurs when one leader of a fork is suppressed by another. | ||||||
| RAMS | Risk analysis management system. | ||||||
| Ranch hand | 'Ranch hand' refers to the US military servicemen who served as Air Force Operation Ranch Hand or Army Chemical Corps members in Vietnam, and were directly involved in the application of Agent Orange (and other herbicides). | ||||||
| Random lays | Wind-thrown trees that have fallen in varying directions. | ||||||
| Rapidly degradable | In relation to a substance in water, means that: (a) 28 days after a solution containing the substance is inoculated with micro-organisms, there is at least: (i) a 70% reduction in dissolved organic carbon in the solution; or (ii) a 60% depletion of oxygen in the solution, when compared with the maximum depletion of oxygen that would occur if the substance were completely degraded; or (iii) a 60% generation of carbon dioxide in the solution, when compared with the maximum generation of carbon dioxide that would occur if the substance were completely degraded; or (b) if only COD and BOD5 data is available, the ratio of BOD5 to COD is greater than or equal to 0.5:1 or (c) at least 70% of the substance can be degraded biotically or abiotically, in the aquatic environment within 28 days. |
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| Ratchet | A toothed wheel with angled teeth used with a pawl to allow rotation in one direction only. | ||||||
| Rate | In epidemiology, the frequency with which a health event occurs in a defined population. The components of the rate are the number of events (numerator), the population at risk (denominator) and the specified time in which the events occurred. All rates are ratios, calculated by dividing the numerator by the denominator. | ||||||
| Rave rail | The loading edge of the hopper on a rear-loading compaction collection truck. It is produced as a cross-beam or the edge of a guide flap. | ||||||
| RBC | Red blood cell (erythrocyte). | ||||||
| RC | Regional Council. | ||||||
| RCCNZ | Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand. | ||||||
| RCT | Randomised controlled trial. | ||||||
| Reach truck | A self-loading truck, generally high lift, having load-engaging means mounted so that it can be extended forwardly under control to permiit a load to be picked up and deposited in the extended position and transported in the retracted position. | ||||||
| Reassessment (HSNO) | A re-evaluation available only for a substance that has previously been approved or a new organism in containment. A reassessment can only occur when some combination of significant new information has become available about effects, or (in the case of hazardous substances) a better substance has become available or there have been significant changes in the way it is being used or the quantity used. The re-evaluation proceeds in the same way as for an original application for approval. See also Assessment. | ||||||
| Reactivity | A substance's susceptibility to undergoing a chemical reaction or change that may result in dangerous side effects, such as explosion, burning, and corrosive or toxic emissions. The conditions that cause the reaction, such as heat, other chemicals, and dropping, will usually be specified as 'Conditions to Avoid' when a chemical's reactivity is discussed on a MSDS. | ||||||
| Rear-loading compaction collection truck | A type of truck used for collecting waste for recycling and other connected purposes. Waste is loaded into the hopper, where it is compacted and placed into the transfer body (normally part of the truck). Once the body is full, the compacted waste materials are removed by raising the tailgate and operating an ejection plate or by tipping. | ||||||
| Rear overhang | (a) For pole trailers transporting a long load, means
the distance from the rear axis or centre of the bolster to the rear
of the vehicle or its load, whichever is greater; (b) for all other vehicles, means the distance from the rear axis to the rear of the vehicle or its load, whichever is the greater. |
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| Rear trailing unit distance | The maximum distance from the centre of the fifth wheel or tow coupling on the towing vehicle to the rear of the combination. | ||||||
| Receiver | A pressure vessel, usually cylindrical, used to store compressed air from a compressor before use. | ||||||
| Reclose block | A means by which a network operator prevents protective switch gear from manually or automatically relivening power lines after tripping on a fault. (See also Auto recloser.) | ||||||
| Recognised branch of medicine | Any of the following branches of medicine: (a) anaesthetics: (b) cardiothoracic surgery: (c) dermatology: (d) diagnostic radiology: (e) emergency medicine: (f) general surgery: (g) internal medicine: (h) neurosurgery: (i) obstetrics and gynaecology: (j) occupational medicine: (k) ophthalmology: (l) orthopaedic surgery: (m) otolaryngology head and neck surgery: (n) paediatric surgery: (o) paediatrics: (p) pathology: (q) plastic and reconstructive surgery: (r) psychological medicine or psychiatry: (s) public health medicine: (t) radiation oncology: (u) rehabilitation medicine: (v) sexual health medicine: (w) urology: (x) venereology. |
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| Reconstruction | The disassembly and reassembly of equipment, generally for the purpose of placing the equipment back into full operation and substantially extending the service life beyond the normal life cycle contemplated at the time of original manufacture. Reconstruction, rebuilding, or overhaul can result in the equipment being repaired or modified or both. | ||||||
| Recorded Settlement (ERS Mediation Service) | Applications where a settlement has been reached prior to reaching the Mediation Service and only need to be stamped by a Mediator. | ||||||
| Recreational diving | Diving carried out by individuals or groups for their own pleasure and does not involve any commercial activity for gain or reward, and an at work situation does not apply. | ||||||
| Redesign | (a) To make an alteration to a design, affecting the
structural strength or safety of equipment, in the course of manufacture;
or (b) to design a repair or alteration affecting the operational safety of the equipment repaired or altered or any other equipment. Redesign as a noun has a corresponding meaning. |
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| Reduced duties | A reduction in the amount of work performed on a daily basis by an employee. | ||||||
| Reeving | To place the rope or webbing sling through a block or eye. | ||||||
| Reference dose (RfD) | An estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. A RfD can be derived from a NOAEL, LOAEL or benchmark dose, with uncertainty factors applied to reflect limitations of the data used. RfDs are generally used by the US EPA in their non-cancer health assessments. In this context, a RfD is not itself an action level, nor does it establish an acceptable daily dose. Their primary use is to evaluate increments of exposure from specific sources above background when background exposures are low and insignificant. | ||||||
| Reference material (RM) | Material or substance, one or more of whose property
values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used
for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement
method, or for assigning values to materials [ISO Guide 30[43]]. NOTE: A reference material may be in the form of a pure or mixed gas, liquid or solid. EXAMPLES: Several kinds of reference materials exist. An internal reference material is an RM developed by a user for its own internal use. An external reference material is an RM provided by someone other than the user. A certified reference material (CRM) is an RM issued and certified by an organisation recognised as competent to do so. |
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| Reference measuring system | Represents not only a measuring instrument but the set of procedures, operators and environmental conditions associated with that instrument. | ||||||
| Reference Standard | Standard generally having the highest metrological quality available at a given location or in a given organisation, from which measurements made there are derived [VIM] [45]. | ||||||
| Reference toxicant | A standard chemical used to measure the sensitivity of the test organisms in order to establish confidence in the toxicity data obtained from the test material. In most instances a toxicity test with a reference toxicant is performed to assess the sensitivity of the test organisms at the time the test material is evaluated, and the precision of results obtained by the laboratory for that chemical. | ||||||
| Reflectance | The ratio of the amount of light reflected from a surface to that falling on it. | ||||||
| Reflective material | Any material or surface that reflects a beam of light generally parallel to the path of the beam and in an opposite direction to that path. | ||||||
| Reflective target | Object which reflects sufficient light to allow a receiver to determine whether a target is present or absent. | ||||||
| Refuelling unit | A tank wagon or tank trailer or any other type of mobile container specifically designed and used for the dispensing of dangerous goods of Class 3 into the fuel tanks of aircraft, hovercraft, vehicles, or vessels. | ||||||
| Refuse | Any type of solid waste (except human wastes), including garbage,rubbish, ashes, incinerator residues, street cleanings, plant trimmings, and residential, commercial, and industrial solid wastes, including recyclable materials. | ||||||
| Regenerative brake | A device on an interlocking hauler which induces a retarding force on an outgoing rope drum and transfers a portion of the power absorbed to an incoming rope drum. | ||||||
| Regional council | A regional council as defined under the Local Government Act 2002. | ||||||
| Register length or length | In relation to any vessel, means the length of the vessel measured from the foreside of the head of the stem to the afterside of the head of the stern post, or to the foreside of the head of the rudder stock if no stern post is provided. | ||||||
| Registered health professional | (a) Means a chiropractor, clinical dental technician,
dental technician, dentist, medical laboratory technologist, medical
practitioner, medical radiation technologist, midwife, nurse, occupational
therapist, optometrist, pharmacist, physiotherapist, or podiatrist;
and (b) includes any person referred to in paragraph (a) who holds an interim practising certificate but only when acting in accordance with any conditions of such interim certificate; and (c) includes a member of any occupational group included in the definition of 'registered health professional' by regulations made under section 322 IPRC Act. |
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| Registered engineer | An engineer registered under the Engineers Registration Act 1924. | ||||||
| Registered nurse | A nurse registered with the Nursing Council of NZ. | ||||||
| Registry (ERS Authority, Tribunal, Court) | The formal name for each office of the Tribunal, Authority and Court. | ||||||
| Regulation | The setting and enforcing of standards. | ||||||
| Regulations | Regulations issued by Governor-General under authority of an Act. | ||||||
| Regulator | A government agency responsible for setting and enforcing standards. | ||||||
| Regulatory authority | A Minister of the Crown, a government department, a commission or other authority having power to issue regulations, orders or other instructions having the force of law. | ||||||
| Regulatory signs | Signs containing
instructions with which failure to comply constitutes either an
offence at law, or a breach of standing orders, safety procedures
or other directions, depending on which kind of control has been
imposed at the work site or workplace. They are subdivided as follows:
|
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| Rehabilitation | (a) Means a process of active change and support with
the goal of restoring, to the extent provided under section 70 [IRPC
Act], a claimant's health, independence, and participation; and (b) comprises treatment, social rehabilitation, and vocational rehabilitation. |
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| Rehearing (ERS Authority, Tribunal, Court) | If the case was heard and facts come to light which would have affected the outcome, then either party can apply for a rehearing. Parties must apply within 28 days of a decision. | ||||||
| Reinjection well | A well that is drilled for the purpose of reinjecting geothermal fluids into the ground. | ||||||
| Relative density | In relation to any substance, means the density of the substance divided by the density of water at a temperature of 20°C. | ||||||
| Relative humidity | The ratio of actual vapour pressure to the saturated
vapour pressure at that temperature in the atmosphere. It is commonly
expressed as a percentage. It is calculated from the dry bulb (air
temperature) and the wet bulb of the whirling hygrometer. It forms
one factor of the calculation required to determine whole-body thermal
discomfort. Kroemer and Grandjean (1997) recommend that relative humidity in offices in summer should be between 40-60 % and in winter no less than 30%. |
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| Relative measurement | Measurement of a property by means of comparison or difference from a normal value of the property taken from an accepted reference material. NOTE: For example, determining gas density from the quotient of the mass of gas contained in a given volume to that of air contained in the same volume at the same temperature and pressure and multiplying by the density of air at that temperature and pressure. | ||||||
| Relative risk | The ratio of the risk (or rate, or odds) of a disease (or other health event or condition) among those exposed to a given risk factor to that among those unexposed. | ||||||
| Release | Relates to an approval granted for a hazardous substance or new organism for release into the environment. Approvals for release for hazardous substances are generally with controls, whereas no controls apply to the release of new organisms. | ||||||
| Relevant regulatory authority | In relation to the transport of dangerous goods means the authority having statutory control over, or obligation to control, a particular class of dangerous goods. The term 'regulatory authority' or similar terms used in documents incorporated by reference in this rule have the same meaning. | ||||||
| Reliable information | Information that is derived from: (a) a valid and relevant animal study conducted in accordance with internationally accepted test guidelines and principles of good laboratory practice; or (b) an epidemiological study in humans that is statistically sound and has undergone peer review; or (c) any other study whose relevance and validity can be demonstrated according to internationally accepted criteria and scientific practice. |
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| Relocatable Building | Any structure designed or adapted for human occupation that is designed to be relocatable; but does not include any tent. | ||||||
| Remediation | Correction or improvement of a problem, such as work that is done to clean up or stop the release of chemicals from a contaminated site. After investigation of a site, remedial work may include removing soil and/or drums, capping the site or collecting and treating the contaminated fluids. | ||||||
| Remote connection | A filling connection located remotely from the tank and which may be complemented with a vapour recovery connection for use with a tanker loading or unloading operation. The remote connection is anchored to prevent movement. | ||||||
| Remote hook | The cargo hook at the end of a long line with pilot-controlled release capability. | ||||||
| Rendering | The breaking down of animal tissues into constituent fat and protein elements, whether by the application of heat and pressure or otherwise. | ||||||
| Rental service vehicle | A vehicle used or available for use in a rental service for letting or hire for the carriage of passengers or goods, or both, to a person who drives the vehicle or provides a driver for the vehicle. | ||||||
| Repair | To restore equipment to an operating condition but does not include alterations, replacements or routine maintenance. | ||||||
| Repeatability limit | Value below which the absolute difference between two single measurement results obtained using the same method, on identical measurement material, by the same operator, using the same apparatus, in the same laboratory, within a short interval of time, (repeatability conditions), may be expected to lie with a specified probability. NOTE: In the absence of other indication the probability is 95%. | ||||||
| Replicable | In the case of an experiment, if other researchers come up with the same results after repeating all the exact details of the first experiment, then the experiment is said to have been successfully replicated. Successful replication is an essential consideration when comparing several lots of experimental data, as even miniscule differences in detail can lead to differing results. | ||||||
| Reporting point | A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported. | ||||||
| Representative zample | Sample having the same composition as the material sampled when the latter is considered totally homogeneous. | ||||||
| Reproducibility limit | Value below which the absolute difference between two
single measurement results obtained using the same method, on identical
measurement material, by different operators, using different apparatus,
in different laboratories, (reproducibility conditions), may be expected
to lie with a specified probability NOTE: In the absence of other
indication the probability is 95%. |
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| Reproductive hazard | A chemical or physical agent that affects the ability of males and females to reproduce normally, e.g. causing infertility, impotence, spontaneous abortion, or birth defects. | ||||||
| Reproductive toxicity | A toxic effect related to reproductive performance. This broad term includes effects on fertility and reproductive outcomes such as birth deformities or behavioral/development effects which result following exposures of parents. Exposures may be prior to mating (to both males and females), and/or during gestation and lactation (to mothers of the offspring examined). | ||||||
| Reserve parachute | A parachute assembly designed and intended to be used as a secondary parachute in the event of the failure of the main parachute. | ||||||
| Reservoir | The ultimate and/or immediate human, animal arthropod, plant, soil, substance or combination of these that is the source of infection for a susceptible host. | ||||||
| Residential disability care | Residential care provided in any premises for 5 or more people with an intellectual, physical, psychiatric, or sensory disability (or a combination of 2 or more such disabilities) to help them function independently. | ||||||
| Residential work | In relation to the occupier of a home, means: (a) Domestic work done or to be done in the home; or (b) Work done or to be done in respect of the home, by a person employed or engaged by the occupier solely to do work of one or both of those kinds in relation to the home. |
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| Residual Current Device (RCD) | A device for isolating supply to protected circuits, socket-outlets, or electrical appliances in the event of a current flow to earth that exceeds a predetermined level. | ||||||
| Residual risk | The remaining level of risk after mitigating measures have been taken. | ||||||
| Resiliency | Less resilient people are those who are more at risk (in the context of harm from manual handling) than others for some reason. This may be because they are, for example, younger, older, different in size or strength or disabled. Each situation requires evaluation on its own merits. | ||||||
| Resistance (Ohm) | The opposition or resistance to current flow in an electrical circuit. The unit of resistance is the 'Ohm' or 'Ω'. | ||||||
| Resistor | Circuit element which dissipates heat. | ||||||
| Resolution | A solution, answer or outcome. | ||||||
| Respirable fibre | A particle with a diameter less than 3 micrometres and a length greater than 5 micrometres and a length to width ratio of greater than 3:1. These fibres can reach the deepest part of the lung. | ||||||
| Respirator | Device to give protection against breathing hazards
such as dusts, gases or vapours, poisonous contaminants, or lack of
oxygen. There are three types: (a) Air-purifying respirator: This draws inhaled air through a purifying filter to remove dusts, or certain gases or vapours. (b) Supplied-air respirator: This supplies clean air from a source outside the contaminated area. (c) Self-contained breathing apparatus: This supplies air from a compressed air bottle worn by the user. |
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| Respirator protection factors (RPFs) | A measure of the degree of protection provided by a respirator to a wearer. It is defined as the ratio of the concentration of air contaminant outside the respirator to that inside the respirator. | ||||||
| Respiratory disease | Disease of the airways and lungs (e.g. pneumonia, emphysema, also coughs). | ||||||
| Respiratory protective device | Any device fitted to someone for the purpose of filtering the air they breathe. | ||||||
| Respondent (ERS Authority, Tribunal) | The legal entity against whom an application regarding an employment relationship problem is made. | ||||||
| Responsible person | A person who is appointed by the employer, or the owner of gear, as the case may be, to be responsible for the performance of a specific duty or duties and who has sufficient knowledge and experience and the requisite authority for the proper performance of the duty or duties. | ||||||
Restrained fall |
Any fall where the person suffering the fall is under less than the full influence of gravity due to the action of a restraint device such as a pole strap, or is sliding down a slope less than that described for a free fall. | ||||||
| Restraint belt | A body belt designed for attachment to a restraint line and not designed for free fall or restrained fall. | ||||||
| Restraint device | (1) Includes all equipment such as headboards, sideposts,
tail gates, anchor points, webbing and chains used to restrain a load
on a vehicle. (2) A term used to describe safety equipment in motor vehicles which includes safety belts, child restraints and infant safety seats. |
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| Restraint line | A line used to restrict the horizontal movement of the wearer and not designed for either free fall or restrained free fall. | ||||||
| Restricted access area | An area that all personnel are prohibited from entering during plant operation, with the exception of authorised personnel, who may enter the area for short periods to carry out process inspections and checks, sampling of product, and during emergency procedures. | ||||||
| Restricted organism | Any organism for which a containment approval has been granted in accordance with the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996. | ||||||
| Restricted visibility | Under maritime rules means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms, or other similar causes. | ||||||
| Restricted work | Work in 1 or more of the following categories: (a) Work involving asbestos, if the asbestos concerned is friable and is or has been used in connection with thermal or acoustic insulation, or fire protection, in buildings, ships, structures, or vehicles: (b) Work involving asbestos, if the asbestos concerned is friable and is or has been used in connection with lagging around boilers, ducts, furnaces, or pipes: (c) The demolition or maintenance of any thing, including a building or a part of a building, containing friable asbestos: (d) The encapsulation of materials containing friable asbestos: (e) The use, on asbestos cement or other bonded product containing asbestos, of- (i) A power tool with any kind of cutting blade or abrasive device, except when it is used with dust control equipment; or (ii) Any other equipment whose use may result in the release of asbestos dust, except when it is used with dust control equipment: (f) Dry sanding of floor coverings containing asbestos. |
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| Retail sale | Includes sale by a wholesaler except when the sale is to a person who buys those goods to sell again; and 'retail' has a corresponding meaning. | ||||||
| Retractor | A device to accommodate parts, or all, of the webbing of a seatbelt. | ||||||
| Retrograde Condensation | Phenomenon associated with the non-ideal behaviour of a hydrocarbon mixture in the critical region wherein, at constant temperature, the vapour phase in contact with the liquid may be condensed by a decrease in pressure; or at constant pressure, the vapour is condensed by an increase in temperature. NOTE: Retrograde condensation of natural gas is the formation of liquid when gas is heated or pressure is reduced. | ||||||
| Reversing lamp | A lamp designed to illuminate the area behind a vehicle while it is reversing and to warn other road users that the vehicle is reversing or about to reverse. | ||||||
| RF | Radio frequency. | ||||||
| RH | Right hand. | ||||||
| RHOL | Right Hand Ordinary Lay. | ||||||
| Rhodamine | A red dye. | ||||||
| Rhythm | Movements with a regular beat or cycle of strong and weak elements. | ||||||
| RIA | Radioimmunoassay. | ||||||
| Rigger/Dogger | A person who has been instructed in the proper selection of slings and the slinging of loads, and who understands the capabilities of the crane with which he/she is working. A dogger is competent to carry out elementary slinging or lifting tasks and the directing and positioning of loads. | ||||||
| Rigging | The use of mechanical load-shifting equipment and associated gear to move, place or secure a load including plant, equipment, or members of a building or structure and to ensure the stability of those members, and for the setting up and dismantling of cranes and hoists, other than the setting up of a crane or hoist which only requires the positioning of external outriggers or stabilisers. | ||||||
| Rigid - inflatable boat | An open or decked boat that: (a) has a rigid bottom structure; and (b) has inflatable sides that chiefly ensure the intact buoyancy of the boat; and (c) is propelled by an engine. | ||||||
| Rigid vehicle | A vehicle with motive power, driver's position and steering system, that does not have any pivot points to allow any part of the chassis of the vehicle to move or rotate in relation to any other part of the chassis of the vehicle; but includes a pivot steer vehicle. | ||||||
| Rim width | The section of a wheel on which the beads of a pneumatic tyre are fitted. | ||||||
| Rim fitting line | A narrow rib, part of the sidewall rubber running circumferentially around a tyre just above the bead, used as a guide line to check that a tyre when fitted to its wheel is correctly seated on the rim. | ||||||
| Rim flange | The shoulders of the rim of a wheel which fit against the face of the bead and which hold the tyre on the rim. | ||||||
| Ripping | Pulling a steel tine through the soil to cultivate it. | ||||||
| Ripping-mounding | A combination of ripping and mounding to create a mound of loose soil over a rip line; can be a continuous line or in spots. | ||||||
| Risk | The probability and magnitude of harmful consequences arising from a hazard. The likelihood of a specified undesired event occurring within a specified period or in specified circumstances. The probability of harmful consequences arising from a hazard. In quantitative terms, risk can be expressed in values from zero (no possible harm) to one (certainty that harm will occur). In relation to human health effects, risk is usually expressed as the probability (or likelihood) of dying or developing a disease or injury as a result of exposure to a hazard. For example, an acceptable health risk may be regarded as a one in a million lifetime risk of developing cancer. | ||||||
| Risk analysis | The systematic use of available information to determine how often specified events may occur and the magnitude of their likely consequences. | ||||||
| Risk assessment | A widely used model to evaluate health hazards and conditions of human exposure to it in order to both ascertain the likelihood that exposed humans will be adversely affected, and to characterise the nature of the effects they may experience. | ||||||
| Risk behaviour | Specific forms of behaviour that are proven to be associated with increased susceptibility to a specific injury, disease or form of ill health. | ||||||
| Risk characterisation | A combination of information obtained from the hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment to estimate the risk associated with each exposure scenario considered, and to present information on uncertainties in the analysis for risk management to proceed. | ||||||
| Risk communication | The process of establishing two-way communication, recognising that people's feelings and emotions are legitimate, involving people in making decisions that directly affect them, informing and advising Maori and other communities or people about risks and their impact, and involving them in plans for managing the risk. | ||||||
| Risk factor | An aspect of personal behaviour or lifestyle, an environmental exposure or an inborn inherited characteristic that is associated with an increased risk of a person developing a disease. | ||||||
| Risk factor for carcinogens | The extra risk of getting cancer due to exposure substance; set by the USEPA or the WHO. | ||||||
| Risk goods | Any organism, organic material, or other thing, or
substance, that (by reason of its nature, origin, or other relevant
factors) it is reasonable to suspect constitutes, harbours, or contains
an organism that may (a) cause unwanted harm to natural and physical resources or human health in New Zealand; or (b) interfere with the diagnosis, management, or treatment, in New Zealand, of pests or unwanted organisms. |
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| Risk management | A process of setting priorities based on risk assessment, establishing efficient and consistent risk reduction policies (taking into account public perception of risk), evaluating the range of risk reduction alternatives (including the social, economic and cultural implication of options), identifying cost-effective risk reduction measures, and identifying risk mitigation and contingency measures. | ||||||
| Risk perception | Risk as seen by individuals or societal groups. Risk perception cannot be reduced to a single parameter of a particular aspect of risk, such as the product of the probabilities and consequences of any event. Risk perception is inherently multi-dimensional and personal, with a particular risk or hazard meaning different things to different people, and different things in different contexts. | ||||||
| Risk reduction | The selective application of appropriate techniques and management principles to reduce the likelihood and/or the consequence of an occurrence. | ||||||
| Risk species | A risk species can be prescribed through regulations under the HSNO Act, and applies only to situations where a species is not already present in New Zealand and may have adverse effects on the health and safety of people or the environment. | ||||||
| Risk-specific dose (RsD) | A chronic daily intake of a chemical that can be interpreted to result in a specific cancer risk, e.g. one in one million. In the derivation of a RsD, the US EPA use probabilistic estimates of cancer potency (such as the linearised multistage model), treating cancer as a nonthreshold effect. | ||||||
| Rivet | A pin with a head formed at one end which is inserted into a hole drilled through two or more components, then deformed at the other end to hold the components together. | ||||||
| RMA | Resource Management Act 1991: an effects-based statute focusing on sustainable environmental management. It is administered by the Ministry for the Environment and largely implemented by local authorities. | ||||||
| RMP | Risk Management Programme. | ||||||
| Road | Includes: (a) a street; and (b) a motorway; and (c) a beach; and (d) a place to which the public have access, whether as of right or not; and (e) all bridges, culverts, ferries, and fords forming part of a road or street or motorway, or a place referred to in paragraph (d): (f) all sites at which vehicles may be weighed for the purposes of this Act [Land Transport Act] or any other enactment. |
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| Road controlling authority | In relation to a road, means the authority, body or person having control of the road; and includes a person acting under and within the terms of a delegation or authorisation given by the controlling authority. | ||||||
| Roadworks zone | A road or part of a road approved by a road controlling authority as a site for carrying out road works, and that is protected by temporary warning signs as specified in Part 1 of Schedule 4 of the Traffic Regulations 1976. | ||||||
| Robot (industrial) | A position-controlled, reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator capable of handling materials, parts, tools, or specialised devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. | ||||||
| ROC | Photochemically-reactive organic compound. ROCs are those VOCs which are precursors to ozone. | ||||||
| Rocket | A class 1 category G pyrotechnic that is propelled or designed to be propelled into the air on ignition; but does not include model rockets or rockets propelled by a rocket motor with a category C, J, or L classification. | ||||||
| Rockwool | A fibrous product manufactured by a process of blowing or spinning from a molten mass of rock, usually basalt. The resultant fibres are subsequently collected as a mat of fibrous product. See also SMF. | ||||||
| Rodenticide | A rodent poison. | ||||||
| Roll | A technique involving positioning a strop in such a way that it causes a log to roll in a desired direction when the rope is pulled (usually to clear an obstruction or to remove branches). | ||||||
| Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) | A structure designed to be attached to, or form part of, mobile plant for the purpose of reducing the possibility of an operator, when also wearing a seatbelt, from being injured should the plant roll over. | ||||||
| Roller bearing | A rotary bearing composed of two steel rings separated by steel rollers, to allow them to turn relative to each other. | ||||||
| Rongoa | Traditional healing practice. | ||||||
| Root wad | (Synonym: Root plate, root ball) The mass of roots and soil which is exposed when a tree is wind-thrown or pushed over without being severed or broken off from the stump. | ||||||
| Ro-ro cargo spaces | On a ship, spaces not normally subdivided in any way and extending to either a substantial length or the entire length of the ship in which goods (packaged or in bulk, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles (including road or rail tankers), trailers, containers, pallets, demountable tanks or in or on similar stowage units or other receptacles) can be loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction. | ||||||
| Ro- ro passenger ship | A passenger ship with ro-ro cargo spaces or special category spaces. | ||||||
| Rotorcraft | Any heavier-than-air aircraft which derives its lift in flight from the reaction of the air on one or more rotors on substantially vertical axes. | ||||||
| Rotor wash | The down draft caused by a helicopter's main rotor blades. | ||||||
| Roundwood | Wood in the form of logs. Generally refers to material to be used for poles or posts. | ||||||
| Routine diagnostic specimen | A diagnostic specimen that has a low probability of containing pathogens of risk group 2 or 3 (as defined by the World Health Organisation) and is transported for routine screening tests or initial diagnosis and includes specimens that are defined as routine diagnostic specimens in guidelines issued by the relevant regulatory authority. | ||||||
| RNP performance | A containment value, expressed as a distance in nautical miles from the intended position, within which flights would be for at least 95% of the total flying time. | ||||||
| RPM | Revolutions per minute. | ||||||
| RR | Relative risk. | ||||||
| RTECS | Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, published by NIOSH. | ||||||
| RTFEL | Rubber-tyred front end loader. | ||||||
| RTI | Road traffic injury. | ||||||
| Runner | The groove in a plastics injection mould which connects the sprue and the cavity gate. This term also names the plastic piece formed in this channel. | ||||||
| Runners | People who deliver written or verbal instructions during a fire operation. | ||||||
| Running rigging | Rope that passes around a sheave. | ||||||
| Running surface | The part of a track or road which vehicles travel on. | ||||||
| Runoff | (1) A chainsaw cut curving to one side - generally
the result of incorrect sharpening. (2) Surface water that runs off a hillside or down a track. |
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| Runway | A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. | ||||||
| Runway visual range | The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings, or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centreline. | ||||||
| Rustband | See Flap. |
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