Glossary of terms and acronyms C-D

The following is a glossary of some key terms, concepts and acronyms used in the publications in this and in linked web sites. The terms and definitions are drawn from a number of sources including legislation, standards, codes of practice, guides, reports and other documents. For translations into Maori of some of the key terms here, see the English-Maori Glossary of Occupational Safety and Health Terms.

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Term or Acronym	Definition
°C	Degrees Celsius.
CAA	Civil Aviation Authority.
Cab-guard	A structure attached to a vehicle that provides protection to the cab occupants from the effects of load impact; and may include a headboard.
Cabin Operator Protective Structure (COPS)	A structure designed to be attached to or form part of, a mobile plant for the purpose of reducing the possibility that an operator wearing a seatbelt in the driving position from being harmed should the plant roll, receive a blow from a falling object, or tip over, or where there is the possibility of an object entering the cabin. In some cases, the falling object protective structure (FOPS), roll over protective structure (ROPS), cabin operator protective structure (COPS) or tip over protective structure (TOPS) could be the same structure.
Cable car	A vehicle: (i) that carries people or goods on or along an inclined plane or a suspended cable; and (ii) that operates wholly or partly outside of a building; and (iii) the traction for which is supplied by a cable or any other means; but does not include a lift that carries people or goods between the floors of a building.
Cable clamp	A clamp designed for joining two sections of light wire rope. Most often used to form an eye, or loop around a stump.
Cable logging	Any hauling employing a stationary machine with powered drum(s), spars, blocks, wire rope and butt rigging to haul logs from the felling site to an assembly point or landing.
Cable hauler	Principal machine in a cable logging operation, consisting of winches and spar.
Calibration	A set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding values obtained using working standards.
Calibration	Interval period of time during which the analytical system would normally be used between calibrations.
Calorific value	The amount of heat, expressed in megajoules, that is generated by the complete combustion in air of one cubic metre of gas free from water vapour, with the gas, air and products of combustion all being measured at standard condition, and with all of the water formed by combustion being condensed.
Cam	A specially shaped plate or drum, or a plate or drum having a specially shaped grove, used to cause a desired linear motion to a 'cam follower'. May be mounted on a shaft, i.e. rotary cam, or on a sliding member, i.e. linear cam. May be used to operate limit switches or hydraulic and pneumatic valves in interlock mechanisms.
Cancelled (ERS Employment Court, Tribunal or Authority)	A scheduled hearing or investigation meeting that was cancelled prior to the hearing taking place.
Cancer	A malignant tumour which can spread to other organs of the body, as distinct from a benign tumour which cannot. (Although leukaemia and some other malignant diseases are not solid tumours, they meet other criteria for cancer and can be, and often are, included under this definition.)
Cancer of the lung	A malignant tumour of the bronchus.
Cannabis	Cannabis Sativa is the botanical name of the hemp plant.
Cannabis dependence syndrome	Refers to the continued use of cannabis despite adverse personal and social consequences. The cannabis user behaves as though the effects of the drug are needed for their continued wellbeing. Dependency exists in varying degrees. It is similar to other drug dependence syndromes.
Cant	A log that is ripped length-wise so that the resulting thick pieces have two opposing, parallel flat sides and in some cases a third side that is sawn flat.
Cant hook	A hand tool consisting of a lever or bar with a hinged steel hook used for rolling stems or logs.
Cantilever	Beam or member supported firmly at one end and unsupported at the other, carrying a 'sideways' load.
CANZ	Composites Association of New Zealand Incorporated.
Cap and base	A pneumatic tyre tread formed from two separate strips of compound having different physical characteristics; the upper strip or cap forming tread pattern and the lower strip of base forming the undertread.
Capacitor	Device for storing electric charge on metal plates separated by an insulating medium.
Capacity	The amount of physical or mental work that an individual is capable of doing at any particular time. An individual's capacity for work or for a particular task will decline with fatigue and when the demands of the task exceed the available capacity, performance declines. So it refers to just how much you can do. An example of capacity: an individual can do 6 hours work in front of a computer, before he or she is too tired to continue without performance dropping below preset standards.
Capacity (of a tank or cylinder)	The total volume of the space enclosed within the tank or cylinder, expressed in kilolitres or litres respectively. NOTE: This is often referred to as 'water capacity'.
Capacity (of a regulator)	The maximum volumetric throughput at a given inlet and outlet pressure under specific gas conditions for which a regulator is designed with the valve(s) maintaining control of the flow.
Capstan	A powered spool designed to pull a rope by means of friction, e.g. for an endless rope hauling system.
CAR	Civil Aviation Rules.
Car body	The undercarriage of a swing yarder capable of propelling and swinging the main body and tower.
Carcinogen	An agent which is responsible for the formation of a cancer.
Carcinogenic	Causing a statistically significant increase in the incidence of tumours - see HSNO Regulations.
Cargo	Includes: (a) ship's stores, provisions, equipment and fuel: (b) mail: (c) material for the repair of the ship or for the fitting of a cargo space: (d) containers, shipborne barges and any other unit of a permanent character that facilitates the transport of an aggregation of cargo as a single unit, but does not include cargo gear.
Cargo area	That part of the ship that contains: (a) cargo tanks, slop tanks and cargo pump-rooms, including pump- -rooms, cofferdams, ballast and void spaces adjacent to cargo tanks; and (b) deck areas throughout the entire length and breadth of the part of the ship over the above-mentioned spaces.
Cargo gear	Means: (a) a ship's derrick, a ship's standing or running rigging, a ship's crane, or a ship's winch; and (b) a chain, rope, or attachment of any description for working cargo; and (c) a tray, tub, or box (other than a CSC cargo container), equipped with permanent fittings for lowering or lifting; and (d) any other appliance or article for working cargo that is for the time being declared by the Chief Surveyor of Ships, by notice in writing served on the owner, to be cargo gear for the purposes of these regulations [General Harbour (Safe Working Load) Regulations 1982] but does not include a lifting appliance that is used in a ship's machinery spaces or a lifting appliance that is used exclusively in respect of a ship's stores or equipment.
Cargo spaces	All spaces used for cargo (including cargo oil tanks) and trunks to such spaces:
CARM	Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring. A national centre that collects and evaluates spontaneous reports of adverse reactions to medicines, vaccines, herbal products and dietary supplements from health professionals in New Zealand.
Carpet boom	A ram or boom attachment which can be inserted into hollow objects for lifting purposes e.g. carpets, coils.
Carriage	A load carrying device which travels freely on sheaves running on a wire rope for hauling or loading logs.
Carriage	On a forklift, a support structure for forks or attachments, generally roller-mounted, travelling vertically within the mast of a cantilever truck.
Carrier	Includes every person engaged in carrying goods for hire or reward by any mode of transport, whether by land, water or air.
Carrier	In relation to any infectious disease, means any person having in his blood, or in his nose or throat, or in his excretions, or in his discharges, the specific infectious agent of that disease, though he may exhibit no other sign or symptom of that disease.
Carrier gas	Pure gas introduced so as to transport a sample through the separation unit of a gas chromatograph for analytical purposes. NOTE: Typical carrier gases are hydrogen, nitrogen, helium and argon.
Cartridge	A container for propane, butane, or LPG which is filled during manufacture and not intended to be re-filled. Known also as a one-trip or disposable container.
CAS Number	See Chemical Abstracts Service Service Registry Number.
Casing (Sleeve)	A pipe or duct through which runs a smaller pipe carrying gas; the duct protects the smaller pipe.
Casting	(1) The production of metal components by pouring molten metal into moulds and allowing it to solidify. (2) A metal component produced by casting.
Castor	A swivelling wheel secured to the base of a vertical member of a scaffold for the purpose of mobilising it.
Casualty/ies	The human impact in terms of numbers of people killed, injured, sick, missing or homeless. In maritime emergencies, it is also used to refer to a vessel in distress.
Catch screen	A protective structure made of suitable materials such as scaffold tubes and planking, and fixed to the face of the building or to the perimeter fencing, to contain falling debris during demolition.
Cathode	The negative electrode in an electroplating or anodising solution.
Cathodic protection	The use of an impressed current or sacrificial anodes or, where applicable, drainage bonding to prevent or reduce the rate of corrosion in a metal pipeline in soil by making the pipeline cathodic to soil.
CBIP	Certification Board for Inspection Personnel.
CC	Case control.
CCA mixture	The most common type of timber preservative used in New Zealand, a copper-chrome-arsenic mixture.
CCOHS	Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.
CCP	Critical Control Point.
CDC	Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.
Cellar	An excavation around the top of a geothermal well to accommodate part of the wellhead.
Central nervous system (CNS)	The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.
Central tyre inflation system	A type of tyre pressure control system that adjusts tyre pressure for the purpose of inflating and deflating tyres to improve tyre adhesion and reduce road surface damage and which is under the central control of the driver or an automated system, or a combination of both the driver and an automated system. (Commonly known as 'CTI'.)
Centre (machine tools)	A tapered device which is fitted to the headstock or tailstock of a lathe or other machine tool, to support and centralise a component whose ends have been centre drilled.
Centre drill	A drill which drills a tapered hole in a workpiece, usually in the centre, subsequently used to mount the workpiece in a lathe, between 'centres', or as an accurate starting point for a drill.
Centre line	A marked line on a workpiece about which dimensions can be equally divided.
Centre of gravity	The point at which the object's entire weight may be considered as concentrated.
Centre punch (centre pop)	A hardened steel punch, tapering to a point at one end, used for marking the centres of holes to be drilled.
Centrifuge	A device used for separating heavier from lighter parts of a mixture, e.g. solids from liquids, by rotating a container at high speeds. The centrifugal force is greater on the heavier parts, so they move to the 'outside' of the container furthest from the axis.
Ceramic fibres	Amorphous, glassy, predominantly alumino-silicate materials which are created from molten masses of either alumina and silica or naturally occurring kaolin clays.
Certificate of competence	A certificate of one of the kinds referred to in regulation 27 of the HSE Regulations, i.e.as a diver, construction blaster, powder-actuated tool operator, and scaffolder.
Certificate of loading (COL)	A certificate issued to a vehicle that requires verification of its loading and weight limits.
Certification Body	An organisation carrying out certification assessments of other organisations to the AS/NZS ISO 9000 series Quality Management Standards and which is accredited by the Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand.
CFCs	Chlorofluorocarbons.
CGA	Compressed Gas Association (of America).
CH4	Methane.
Chafer	A strip of rubberised cross-woven fabric fitted around the part of the tyre bead which comes into contact with the rim.
Chain	A series of interconnected metal links, producing a 'flexible cable' used for supporting loads in tension or for transmission of power between shafts, by running over sprockets (chain wheels).
Chain and board	A graphic method of calculating skyline load path and deflection by hanging a length of light chain to a drawing board covered with graph paper.
Chainbrake	A safety device on a chainsaw designed to stop the chain in the event of kickback.
Chain catcher	A pin or stud behind the bar, designed to prevent the chain from lashing back if it breaks. Sometimes referred to as peg.
Chain conveyor	A conveyor built up in the form of a chain, usually overhead, supporting the components being conveyed on hooks below.
Chainsaw	A powered saw in which the cutting action is performed by a series of linked teeth, which travel around a guide bar.
Chainsaw chaps	A form of protective leg wear. Chaps cover the lower leg, front, and inside of the thigh. They are secured at the back with straps.
Chainsaw-resistant footwear	Any footwear that meets the requirements of the Australian/New Zealand Standard 2210 Occupational protective equipment Part 1 or any other Standard embodying the same or more stringent criteria.
Chainsaw trousers	A form of protective leg wear. These are worn like ordinary trousers but are made with chainsaw-resistant material such as balistic nylon with the inside thigh padded, e.g. with KEVLAR.
Chalking	Photo-oxidation of paint binders causing powder on the film surface.
Challenge	A party may challenge the determination of the Authority to the Employment Court, if that party is dissatisfied with that determination.
Challenging behaviours	Behaviours that put caregivers, clients or others at risk due to the inability of a client to protect themselves from harm, or to control behaviours that are likely to cause serious offence or injury or damage.
Chambers (ERS Employment Court, Tribunal or Authority)	A hearing that is conducted outside of a hearing room often in the Judge or Tribunal Member's office (or 'chambers').
Chamfer cut	Angled cut to remove a large limb or fork from a stem.
Channel steel	Steel bar rolled into the form of a flat bottomed 'U'.
Charge	A cased cartridge or a caseless pellet of explosive, designed specifically for a powder-actuated, hand-held fastening tool.
Chaser	An employee who removes chokers from logs at the log landing.
Chassis	The structural lower part of a vehicle to which the running gear and, as applicable, engine, transmission, steering system and body may be attached.
Chassis assembly	A chassis with running gear attached and, as applicable, engine, transmission and steering system attached.
Chassis rating	Means: (a) for a vehicle first registered before 1 February 1989 that has not been modified on or after 1 April 2005, a set of data, containing the gross vehicle mass, gross combination (if applicable) and maximum towed mass (if applicable), approved or determined by the Director or a person appointed by the Director; (b) for a vehicle first registered on or after 1 February 1989 or a vehicle that has been modified on or after 1 April 2005, a set of data, containing the permitted maximum axle and/or axle-set masses, gross vehicle mass, gross combination mass (if applicable) and maximum towed mass (if applicable), approved or determined by the Director or a person appointed by the Director.
Check plate	The outer shell of a logging block which holds the sheave in place and through which the pin is inserted.
Cheater bar	A safety extension device for using on the twitch when tensioning the load. It differs from a pipe extension because it locks on to the end of the twitch and cannot fly loose.
ChemCall©	A 24-hour, 365 day emergency response service provided by the New Zealand Chemical Industry Council (NZCIC).
Chemical Abstracts Registry Service Number (CAS No.)	A number assigned to a single chemical by the Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus Ohio, a US-based chemical reference service.
Chemical hazard	Any chemical in the workplace that can affect health, including agrichemicals, e.g. organophosphate pesticides; chemical fumes, e.g. ammonia; corrosive chemicals, e.g. sulphuric acid.
Chemical tanker	A non-passenger ship constructed or adapted and used for the carriage in bulk of any liquid product listed in Chapter 17 of the International Bulk Chemical Code.
Chemiluminescence detector (CD)	Detector that uses a reducing reaction in which molecules give rise to characteristic luminous emissions which are measured by a photomultiplier and the associated electronic devices. NOTE: Chemiluminescence detector is used in gas chromatography mainly to detect components which contain particular elements, e.g. nitrogen oxide (NO) and sulfur (S).
Chequer plate	Steel plate with the surface roughened in a diamond pattern, used for 'non-slip' flooring.
Chest attachment	Lanyard attachment point on a full-body harness at the wearer's centre front and at chest level.
Chicane	A device that channels traffic by means of a series of alternating turns designed to reduce traffic speed.
Child	A boy or girl under the age of 14. [Childrens, Young Persons and their Families Act 1989]
Child resistant	In relation to packaging of hazardous substances, means that: (a) 80% of children aged between 42 and 51 months would be unable to gain access to the contents of the packaging, or would be unlikely to obtain a toxic dose from packaging that is or contains a dispensing device within a period of 5 minutes; and (b) 90% of adults aged between 50 and 70 years would be able to open and re-close any child-resistant closure in the packaging.
Chloracne	A particular type of acne on the face, neck, chest, back and extremities, which is often prolonged (it may last for decades) and may recur after remission. It is associated with chlorinated chemicals, particularly the PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs.
Chocked	Secured from movement by mechanical stops.
Choke	To wrap a strop around a log and pull it tight prior to hauling it.
Choker hook	Connector on a strop which enables a noose to be formed around the end of a log.
Choker/strop	A steel cable, or rope, used to choke or cinch logs for transport.
Cholinesterase	An enzyme that plays a part in the transmission of nerve impulses.
Chopped-strand spraying	The propulsion through a chopping mechanism and onto a mould, by means of a jet of compressed air, of glass-fibre rovings, resins, and catalysts.
Chord	Straight line between points of support of the skyline.
Chronic aquatic ecotoxicity value	The lowest value expressed in units of milligrams of a substance per litre of water from chronic fish, crustacean, algal, or other aquatic plant NOEC data.
Chronic exposure	The result of long-term exposure to a harmful agent.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis	Lung diseases characterised by a widespread reduction in the diameter of the airways that cannot be reversed by treatment, and bronchial mucous hypersecretion. Tobacco smoking is the most important risk factor, but work-related exposures such as coal, silica, cotton dust and grain dusts are strongly associated with with the development of these conditions.
Chronic renal failure	A disorder of the kidney characterised by permanent damage to the filtration tissues. In the occupational setting, the nephritic syndrome is probably the most important type of chronic renal failure. The strongest connection between occupational exposures and chronic renal failure is with metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, copper and mercury, including via welding fumes.
Chronic solvent-induced toxic encephalopathy	(Also known as chronic solvent neurotoxicity) A disorder of the nervous system arising from exposure to certain organic solvents. Causative occupational exposures occur in processes that require the use of organic solvents. These include processes using degreasing agents, paints and glues, as well as in the manufacture of textiles, plastics, polymers and pharmaceuticals, and in the use of fibreglass, as occurs in boat building.
Chronic toxicity	Harmful effects of a chemical which occur after repeated or prolonged exposure. Chronic effects may also occur some time after exposure has ceased.
Chrysotile	A type of asbestos. A magnesium silicate, white in colour.
Chuck	A device attached to the spindle of machine tools used for gripping revolving workpieces, cutting tools, twist drills, etc.
CI	Confidence interval.
CIG	Commonwealth Industrial Gases (Australia).
CIMS	Co-ordinated Incident Management System.
CIMS	Client Information Management System (Employment Relations Computer System). The ERS case management application.
Circadian rhythms	Cyclic changes in physiological variables, or biological rhythms, can vary in terms of their period (time to complete one cycle). A large number of biological rhythms have a period that is close to 24h, and these are referred to as Circadian rhythms. Literally, circadian means 'about a day'.
Circuit	Wires arranged for the purpose of carrying an electric current.
Circuit-breaker	A device designed to automatically disconnect the power supply in the event of an overload or fault. This can also be manually operated as a switch to disconnect a circuit. Circuit-breakers are different to residual current devices in that they will not protect you from receiving an electric shock.
Civil Aviation Rules	Rules made under the Act.
Civil defence declaration	See Declaration.
Civil defence emergency	A situation that causes or may cause loss of life, injury or disaster or in any way endanger the safety of the public and cannot be dealt with by the Police, NZ Fire Service or otherwise without the adoption of civil defence measures.
Civil defence emergency management	(a) The application of knowledge, measures, and practices that (i) are necessary or desirable for the safety of the public or property; and (ii) are designed to guard against, prevent, reduce, or overcome any hazard or harm or loss that may be associated with any emergency; and (b) includes, without limitation, the planning, organisation, co-ordination, and implementation of those measures, knowledge, and practices.
Claimant	The injured person who receives rehabilitation and compensation from ACC.
Class (dangerous goods)	The groupings, numbered from 1 to 9, into which dangerous goods are assigned on the basis of a common single or most significant hazard, as specified in the following documents: (a) New Zealand Standard 5433:1999, Transport of Dangerous Goods on Land; or (b) United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods; or (c) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; or (d) Technical Instructions for Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air of the International Civil Aviation Organisation; or (e) Dangerous Goods Regulations of the International Air Transport Association; and reference to a class includes all divisions of that class.
Class I appliance	An appliance in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic insulation only, but which includes an additional safety precaution in that accessible conductive parts are connected to the protective earthing conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation so that accessible conductive parts cannot become live in the event of a failure of the basic insulation.
Class II appliance	An appliance in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic insulation only, but in which additional safety precautions such as double insulation or reinforced insulation is provided, there being no provision for protective earthing or reliance upon installation conditions.
Class III appliance	An appliance in which protection against electric shock relies on supply at safety extra-low voltage and in which voltages higher than those of safety extra-low voltage are not generated.
Claw hook	Double-finger hook formed to the shape of the chain link, used for connecting chains.
Cleaned	In relation to the transport of dangerous goods means: (a) for gases and volatile liquids, an atmosphere in the receptacle containing a concentration of the gas or liquid vapour less than the concentration listed in Workplace Exposure Standards, of Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Labour; or (b) for all dangerous goods, the container is free of dangerous residue of the substance to the satisfaction of the relevant regulatory authority.
Cleaner production	The use of techniques to reduce the need for raw materials and/or energy and the amount of wastes generated. These techniques may include the use of recyclable materials, the use of less hazardous substances or the reduction in their quantity, and the use of renewable resources.
Cleanfill	(a) A landfill that accepts only material that, when buried or placed, will not have an adverse effect on the environment; but (b) does not include a landfill that contains 5% or more (by weight) putrescible matter.
Clearance limit	The point to which an aircraft is granted an ATC clearance.
Clearfell	To fell all trees in an area, as opposed to thinning which removes selected stems from the stand.
Clearway	A defined rectangular area on the ground or water, at the departure end of the runway: (1) under the control of the aerodrome operator; or (2) with the agreement of the authority controlling the clearway - selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height.
Clearwood	Wood that is free of knots.
Cleat	A small block of timber or other substantial material fixed across a member to provide strength and support and to prevent the movement of abutting timbers.
Client	Party for which work is being carried out.
Climbing equipment	Playground equipment or equipment parts that have no areas on which it is possible to stand unsupported and which, therefore, require the user to hold on with both hands.
Climbing rope	Used to secure the climber so that if the climber falls the fall distance is limited or broken by the rope. The rope is connected to the harness or belt and at a point on the tree.
Climbing spurs	(Synonym: Rigging spurs) Strap-on metal spikes which enable a rigger to climb a standing tree.
Clinch	The area of the sidewall of a pneumatic tyre immediately flange where severe stress occurs in service.
Close supervision	Direct and constant one-on-one supervision.
Closed cup test	A test for determining the flashpoint of a flammable liquid as prescribed in Australian Standard AS 2106:1980 Methods for the determination of the flashpoint of flammable liquids (closed cup.
Closing	Completing the current path of an electric circuit.
Closing rope	Powered rope which closes a grapple.
Clutch	A device used to connect or disconnect (engage or disengage) two rotatable parts so they revolve as one unit or separately, as required. Generally one of two types: (1) Friction clutch: A clutch which relies on friction to transmit movement from one part to another: thus it may be partially engaged if required to transmit only some of the available torque (rotary force), or engaged progressively to provide smooth engagement as in the clutch of a car. (2) Positive clutch: A clutch in which the movement is transmitted between the members by a positive mechanical action. It is either fully engaged or fully disengaged and cannot be ,slipped, or engaged smoothly like a friction clutch.
Clutch extractor	Part of the mechanism of a positive clutch found on presses and similar machines used for disengaging the clutch at the end of a stroke, and holding it disengaged until the next stroke is initiated.
CNG	Natural gas which has been compressed, or contained under pressure, in a small volume. Mainly used as a transport fuel.
CNG station	A CNG gas installation supplying CNG for use in vehicle cylinders, transportable cylinders, or both types of cylinder.
CO	Carbon monoxide.
CO2	Carbon dioxide.
Coach	A person responsible for leding, training or instructing, who could be a fitness instructor, outdoor recreation guide, group leader, mentor or team coach.
Coal	(a) Anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite, oil shale, peat, and sub-bituminous coal; and (b) includes every other substance worked or normally worked with coal.
Coal mine	A place where a person works below ground for the purpose of (a) extracting coal from the earth; or (b) processing coal extracted from the earth at that place; and includes a place in which coal so extracted or processed is washed, crushed, or screened.
Coastal cargo	In relation to any ship, means: (a) passengers embarked by the ship at any port in New Zealand for carriage to and disembarking at any other port in New Zealand; (b) goods loaded on the ship at any port in New Zealand for carriage to and unloading at any other port in New Zealand.
Coathangers	Stubs left by not cutting branches close to the log.
Coating	Material applied to the external surface of a pipe or fitting to protect it against corrosion.
COD	The chemical oxygen demand, being the equivalent mass of oxygen from an oxidising agent, of a strength at least equal to the oxidising strength of potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate, that is consumed during oxidation of the substance in water, expressed in units of milligrams of oxygen consumed per milligram of the substance.
Code of practice, approved code of practice	A statement of preferred work practices or arrangements for the purpose of ensuring the health and safety of persons to whom the code applies and persons who may be affected by the activities covered by the code. Under the HSE Act the Minister of Labour may, after consulting all persons affected or likely to be affected by the code, and considering all written comments, approve the code of practice under section 20 of the Act. When a code is approved, a Court may have regard to it in relation to compliance with the relevant sections of the HSE Act. This means that if an employer in an industry or using a process to which an approved code applies can show compliance with that code in all matters it covers, a Court may consider this to be compliance with the provisions of the Act to which the code relates.
Cog	A tooth on a gear wheel (more properly - a wooden tooth on a wooden wheel).
Cogeneration	The simultaneous or sequential production of two or more forms of useful energy from a single primary energy source. E.g. an electricity generating facility that produces electricity and a form of useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam for industrial or commercial heating or cooling purposes). In the energy balances, only the electrical output is accounted for.
Cognitive impairment	Impairment indicated by the following type of symptoms: forgetting, able to be easily distracted, problems in paying attention, and in concentrating as well as with memory, problems in putting together complex information, problems in focusing attention and ignoring irrelevant information.
COHFE	Centre for Human Factors and Ergonomics. A research centre dedicated to improving worker safety, health and performance within the New Zealand forest industry.
Cohort	A group of individuals having a statistical factor (such as age) in common.
Cohort study	A study in which a group of people with a past exposure to chemicals or other risk factors are followed over time and their disease experience compared to that of a group of people without the exposure.
Coil	Insulated wire wound about a former to carry current and produce an electric field.
Cold deck	Logging in which logs are accumulated and stacked to await later transportation.
Cold injuries	Injuries that occur when the body reduces blood supply to the extremities in order to conserve heat around the vital organs. The main cold injuries are frostnip, frostbite, immersion foot and trench foot
Cold store protection	Modifications made to standard forklifts to enable them to work in low temperature situations e.g. cold stores, chillers etc.
Cold strain	The short- or long-term consequences of exposure to cold on a person's mind and body.
Collar	A raised ring on the surface of a shaft. May be an integral part of the shaft or fixed to it in some way, often used to locate a component on the shaft.
Collective agreement	An agreement that is binding on: (a) 1 or more unions; and (b) 1 or more employers; and (c) 2 or more employees.
Collision Regulations	The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea as set forth in the Schedule to the Collision Regulations Order 1976.
Combination carrier	A ship designed to carry either oil or solid cargoes in bulk.
Combination packaging	In relation to dangerous goods means a combination of packaging for transport purposes consisting of one or more inner packagings secured in an outer packaging.
Combination sign	In relation to a safety sign is a sign which comprises both words and a symbol.
Combination vehicle	A towing vehicle in combination with one or more trailers or other motor vehicle that is being towed.
Combustible	A substance capable of undergoing combustion. NOTE: AS 1530.1 provides a test method for and criterion of combustibility for building materials.
Combustible liquid	A combustible liquid as defined in AS 1940/NZ Dangerous Goods Regulations.
Combustible material	A material which will ignite and burn and includes material which has been flame-proofed.
Combustible surface	Any material or object adjacent to, or in contact with heat-producing gas appliances, and made of, or surfaced with, materials that are capable of being ignited and burned.
Combustion	The process of burning.
Combustion appliance	A slow combustion stove, a free standing metal cone fireplace, a cast iron pot belly stove, an oil burning space heater, or a vented gas burning heater.
Combustion products	Constituents resulting from the combustion of a fuel with air, oxygen or mixture of the two, including the inert gases associated with the fuel and the air but excluding any other diluent or contaminant.
Commercial purpose	In relation to the transport of dangerous goods, means the transport of dangerous goods as part of a commercial operation but not as tools-of-trade or by a licensed transport service operator.
Commercial sexual services	In terms of the Prostitution Reform Act, means sexual services that: (a) involve physical participation by a person in sexual acts with, and for the gratification of, another person; and (b) are provided for payment or other reward (irrespective of whether the reward is given to the person providing the services or another person).
Commercial ship	A ship that is not: (a) a pleasure craft; or (b) solely powered manually; or (c) solely powered by sail.
Commercial transport operation	An operation for the carriage of passengers or goods by air for hire or reward: (1) where (i) each passenger is performing, or undergoing training to perform, a task or duty on the operation; or (ii) the passengers or goods are carried to or from a remote aerodrome - (2) except those operations in paragraph (1) that are: (i) a sightseeing flight or joyride under VFR by day in:    - a hot air balloon in accordance with Part 91; or    - a microlight aircraft in accordance with Part 103; or    - a glider in accordance with Part 104; or    - a hang glider or paraglider in accordance with Part 106; or (ii) a helicopter external load operation in accordance with Part 133; or (iii) an agricultural operation in accordance with Part 137; or (iv) a parachute operation in accordance with Part 105. [Civil Aviation Rules]
Commercial user (poisons)	A person who: (a) regularly uses land (i) for the purpose of any agricultural, horticultural, pastoral, or recreational undertaking carried on for profit; or (ii) for the keeping for profit of animals or bees and requires a poison in connection with such use; or (b) requires a poison for use in any scientific, educational, or commercial laboratory; or (c) requires a poison for use in any process of manufacture or in any trade or business; or (d) requires a poison for use in any public reserve, within the meaning of the Reserves Act 1977, or in any public recreational area that the person is responsible for maintaining.
Commissioning	In relation to plant, means performing the necessary adjustments, test and inspections before the plant commences normal operation for the first time. This is done to ensure that the plant is in full working order in accordance with the requirements specified in the design, and includes re-commissioning.
Common flue	A flue system designed to carry combustion products from two or more flue outlets.
Communicable disease	(Synonym: Infectious disease) An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal or reservoir to a susceptible host. It may be transmitted directly or indirectly, or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector or the inanimate environment. Under the Health Act, it includes any infectious disease, tuberculosis, venereal disease, and any other disease declared by the Governor-General, by Order in Council, to be a communicable disease.
Co-morbidity (co-disability)	Co-existence of more than one disease (disability) in the same individual at a given time.
Compactor-container	A specially designed container, compatible with a stationary compactor, used to load, store, and transport the compacted refuse to the unloading site. Such containers do not include disposable containers made of paper, plastic, or cardboard.
Compactor operating cycles	A single cycle is the operation of a mechanism to perform one complete operation having a definite beginning and end. An interrupted cycle is one in which the operation of a mechanism stops automatically before completion of the cycle. A multiple cycle is one in which the operation of the mechanism will complete a predetermined number of cycles or run for a predetermined time period and then stop.
Company name	Includes any corporate name, firm name, or business name, whether or not it is registered or registrable under the Companies Act 1955 [or the Companies Act 1993] or any other enactment.
Compartment	Forest management subdivision or block of land, usually of continuous land ownership.
Compatible substances or toxicity	Substances, which, when mixed together, do not react to give substantially increased danger of explosion, fire, or chemical reaction.
Compatibility group	A grouping of types of dangerous goods of Class 1 that are deemed to be compatible. Compatibility groups are identified by a letter from A to S following the division number.
Compensation levy	The levy payable by self-employed persons and shareholder-employees to purchase and maintain weekly compensation under section 208 of the Act, calculated by the Accident Compensation Corporation under regulation 13.
Competent person	Any person who has: (a) the relevant knowledge, experience, and skill to carry out the task required; and (b) either (i) a relevant qualification evidencing the person's possession of that knowledge, experience, and skill; or (ii) if the person is an employee, a certificate issued by the person's employer evidencing the person's possession of that knowledge, experience, and skill.
Completed hearing (ERS Tribunal, Court)	A hearing that has taken place where the user has changed the status of the hearing to complete and thereby reviewed the expected duration and hearing participants.
Compliance label	An attachment to a vehicle in the form of a label that confirms compliance of the vehicle or a specific aspect of the vehicle with requirements in the Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Standards Compliance 2002.
Compliance	(1) In accordance with the requirements of legislation and regulations. (2) Achieving the desired defined and assessable outcome through documented and demonstrable procedures and records.
Compliance order	An order made under section 137 of the Employment Relations Act 2000.
Composite packaging	Packaging consisting of an inner receptacle and an outer packaging, constructed so that the inner receptacle and the outer packaging form an integral packaging, and that once assembled remains an integrated unit and is filled, stored, transported and emptied as such.
Composite sign	In relation to a safety sign is a combination sign in which the words qualify or augment the symbol.
Compound	Any chemical combination of chemical elements.
Compound	Natural or synthetic rubber, or a blend of both, treated with various chemicals and other materials to give specific properties required for various commercial rubber products.
Compound	An area bounded by natural ground contours or by a bund, and intended to retain spillage or leakage. NOTE: A pit or tank may be used to provide the same function.
Compound	In relation to the storage of liquid dangerous goods, means a basin, pit, excavation, hollow, or enclosure constructed of concrete, brick, clay, earth, or similar incombustible material, and which is of such a nature and construction that it will effectively retain the liquid dangerous goods in the event of their leakage outflow from their container under the action of fire or from any other cause; and 'to compound' has a corresponding meaning.
Compressed gas	A gas that is held in a compressed gas container: (a) in gaseous form at pressure of greater than 101.3 kPa absolute; or (b) dissolved in a liquid solvent at a pressure of greater than 101.3 kPa absolute; or (c) at a sufficient pressure to keep the gas in its liquid or partially liquid form; or (d) at a sufficiently low temperature to keep the gas in its liquid or partially liquid form.
Compressed gas container	(a) Means a container in which compressed gas is held with fittings or equipment designed to retain the gas in its compressed form; and (b)includes any aerosol dispenser, fire extinguisher, cryogenic container, cylinder, tank, or compressed gas stationary tank; but (c) does not include: (i) a pressure vessel that is a pipeline under the Health and Safety in Employment (Pipelines) Regulations 1999; or (ii) an air receiver used in connection with the starting of an internal combustion engine; or (iii) a receiver that forms part of a compression plant; or (iv) a container that forms an integral part of a refrigerating unit; or (v) a pressurised container that forms an integral part of the motive or control system of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship; or (vi) an aerosol container with a water capacity less than 50 millilitres or for which the absolute pressure developed at 20°C is less than 170 kPa; or (vii) a cartridge with a water capacity less than [170 millilitres]; or (viii) a non-refillable container with a water capacity of less than 100 millilitres; or (ix) a cylinder with a water capacity of less than 120 millilitres, if the contents are a liquefied gas with flammable properties; or (x) a cylinder with a water capacity of less than 500 millilitres, if the contents are not a liquefied gas with flammable properties; or (xi) a cylinder with a water capacity of greater than 500 litres, except that this subparagraph does not apply in relation to regulation 7, Part 8, or Part 9; or (xii) carbonated beverages or their containers.
Compressed gas stationary tank	A tank that is (a) used or intended to be used for storage or supply of one or more compressed gases; and (b) normally located at a specific place.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)	Natural gas used as a fuel for vehicles, typically compressed up to 20 000 kPa in the gaseous state
Compression factor	Quotient of the actual (real) volume of an arbitrary mass of gas, at a specified pressure and temperature, and the volume of the same gas, under the same conditions, as calculated from the ideal gas law.
Compression joint	A joint sealed by the compression of a gland packing by a gland ring.
Compression wood	Where a tree or log bends inwards. Can result in jamming of the chainsaw in the closing cut.
Compressive stress	A stress that tends to shorten a material.
Compressor	A device for compressing (pressurising) a gas.
Concealed space	Any part of the space within a building that cannot be seen from an occupied space.
Concentric	Two parts are concentric if they rotate about the same axis, or if they are mounted so that their centre lines coincide.
Concussion	Injury to the brain, usually caused by a blow, leading to immediate loss of consciousness.
Condensate	The liquid that separates from a gas (including flue gas) due to a reduction in temperature.
Condensate	A light crude oil which is present in natural gas deposits.
Condition monitoring	Continuous or periodic inspection, assessment, measurement and interpretation of resulting data, to indicate the condition of specific asset components so as to determine the need for preventative or remedial action.
Condition monitored maintenance	A maintenance process that monitors maintenance trends, and relies upon analysis of the operating experience of the whole population of specified items to indicate nascent failures requiring corrective action.
Conductor	Any overhead or underground electrical device, including communications wires and cables, power lines and other such facilities.
Confidence interval	A range of values for a variable that has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
Confidential information	Includes: (a) trade secrets; and (b) information that has commercial value that would be, or would be likely to be, diminished by disclosure.
Confined space	An enclosed or partially enclosed space that is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy and is not intended or designed primarily as a place of work. In addition, the space: (a) is liable at any time to (i) have an atmosphere which contains potentially harmful levels of contaminant; (ii) not have a safe oxygen range; or (iii) cause engulfment; and (b) could have restricted means for entry amd exit.
Confirmed (ERS Authority, Tribunal, Court)	A confirmed hearing, e.g. a confirmed investigation meeting.
Conformity assessment	The methods used to demonstrate that equipment complies with specified requirements.
Confounding	A situation in which a measure of the effect of an exposure on risk is distorted because of the association of the exposure with other factor(s) that influence the outcome.
Connecting rod	A rigid rod connecting a crank pin to a piston, crosshead or slider. One end describes a circular path, travelling with the crank pin, and the other end travels in a straight line with the piston or slider.
Consequence	The outcome of an event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event.
Consideration of Papers (ERS Authority, Tribunal, Court)	A hearing before a Judge, Tribunal or Authority Member where the issue is determined on the papers. The papers can include the pleadings, submissions and affidavits but parties do not attend.
Consignor (dangerous goods)	Any person who: (a) transports their own dangerous goods; or (b) engages a prime contractor, either directly or through an agent, to transport dangerous goods; or (c) has possession of, or control over, dangerous goods immediately before the goods are transported; or (d) for the first land journey after dangerous goods are imported into New Zealand, is the importer of those goods; or (e) agrees to be named on dangerous goods documentation as the consignor for the transport of the goods covered by that documentation.
Consolidator	A person who packs or supervises packing of cargo for various shippers into a container or vehicle for transport by sea.
Construct	In relation to a building, includes to build, erect, prefabricate, and relocate; and construction has a corresponding meaning.
Construction work	(a) Means any work in connection with the alteration, cleaning construction, demolition, dismantling, erection, installation, maintenance, painting, removal, renewal, or repair, of: (i) Any building, chimney, edifice, erection, fence, structure, or wall, whether constructed wholly above or below, or partly above and partly below, ground level: (ii) Any aerodrome, cableway, canal, harbour works, motorway, railway, road, or tramway: (iii) Any thing having the purpose of drainage, flood control, irrigation, or river control: (iv) Any distribution system or network having the purpose of carrying electricity, gas, telecommunications, or water: (v) Any aqueduct, bridge, culvert, dam, earthwork, pipeline, reclamation, reservoir, or viaduct: (vi) Any scaffolding; and (b) Includes any work in connection with any excavation, preparatory work, or site preparation carried out for the purposes of any work referred to in paragraph (a) of this definition; and (c) Includes any work referred to in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this definition carried out underwater, including work on buoys, obstructions to navigation, rafts, ships, and wrecks; and (d) Includes the use of any materials or plant for the purposes of any work referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (c) of this definition; and (e) Includes any inspection or other work carried out for the purposes of ascertaining whether any work referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (c) of this definition should be carried out; but (f) Does not include any work in any mine, quarry, or tunnel.
Construction blaster	A person who holds a certificate of competency as a construction blaster.
Consultation	Sharing of information and opinions on a particular issue or series of issues, between two or more interested parties. The outcome of consultation may not necessarily be agreement.
Consumer commodities	P roducts that are packaged as Dangerous Goods in Limited Quantities and are in a form intended, or suitable, for retail sale for the purposes of personal care or recreational or domestic use.
Contact	A person or animal who has been in association with an infected person or animal or a contaminated environment which might provide an opportunity to acquire the infective agent.
Contact	An event where a vessel or craft strikes something fixed, such as a navigation aid or a heavy landing on a berth, or a bridge structure or deck. Contact is known as Allision in the United States of America and some other parts of the world.
Contact	See Direct or Indirect contact.
Contacts	Parts of a switch which open and close to control the flow of current.
Contact tracing	Identifying and seeking out those people who have been in contact with a person with an infectious disease, with a view to controlling spread of that disease by either diagnosing and treating further cases or providing protections such as preventative treatment or immunisation, or advice and information.
Container	Any barrel, case, cylinder, drum, tank, tin or other receptacle; and includes every package in or by which goods may be cased, covered, enclosed, contained or packed.
Container, or freight container	An article of transport equipment that is: (a) of permanent character and accordingly strong enough to be suitable for repeated use; and (b) specially designed to facilitate the transport of goods, by one or more modes of transport, without intermediate reloading; and (c) designed to be secured or readily handled or both, having fittings for these purposes. The term 'container' or 'freight container' does not include a vehicle or packaging; but does include a container that is carried on a chassis.
Containment	Relates to an approval granted for a hazardous substance or new organism in containment. Containment means restricting organisms or hazardous substances to a secure location or facility to prevent escape. In respect of genetically modified organisms, includes field testing and large-scale fermentation. Controls on containment for both hazardous substances and new organisms are derived from the Third Schedule of the HSNO Act.
Containment facility	A place approved in accordance with section 39 [Biosecurity Act] for holding organisms that should not, whether for the time being or ever, become established in New Zealand:
Containment structure	A containment facility that is a vehicle, room, building, or other structure, set aside and equipped for the development of genetically modified organisms.
Contaminant	Any substance (including gases, liquids, solids and micro-organisms) energy (excluding noise) or heat, that either by itself or in combination with the same, similar or other substances, energy or heat may adversely affect health either directly because of hazardous properties, or indirectly through contamination of the air, water, soil or food.
Contaminated	Means that a contaminant on any product, byproduct, piece of equipment or article, including protective clothing, has exceeded any standard or, in the absence of a standard, the tolerated level for that contaminant on the product or byproduct being produced at the time.
Contingency plan	A plan for action prepared in anticipation of an incident.
Continual improvement	Process of enhancing the OHSMS to achieve improvements in overall OHS performances, in line with the organisation's OHS policy. Note: The process need not take place in all areas of activity simultaneously.
Contour tracking	Skidding tracks which roughly parallel the contour of the land.
Contractor	A person engaged by any person (other than as an employee) to do any work for gain or reward.
Contrast	The name given to the difference in brightness between the subject (e.g. text, control knob, sign etc.) and the background against which it must be seen and interpreted. It has an even greater effect on legibility than lighting.
Contributory factors (manual handling)	The factors of load, environment, people, task and management that can contribute to the incidence and severity of manual handling hazards.
Control	A physical entity that provides the means for an operator to interact with the machine or task. An example of a control is a computer mouse, or keyboard, with which the operator communicates with the computer software and hardware. Another example of a control would be a light switch.
Control of hazards/risks	In Australia, the term 'control of risks' is used, to mean the process of elimination or minimisation of risks. In New Zealand, the term 'control of hazards' is used to mean the process of elimination, isolation or minimisation of significant hazards.
Control stations	Those spaces in which the ship's radio or main navigation equipment or the emergency source of power is located, or where the fire recording or fire control equipment is centralised.
Controls (HSNO)	Controls encompass any obligations or restrictions imposed on any hazardous substance or new organism, or on any person involved with any hazardous substance or new organism, by the HSNO Act (and other legislation). Controls also encompass any regulation, rule, code or other document made in accordance with the provisions of the HSNO Act (or any other legislation) for the purpose of controlling the effects of hazardous substances or new organisms on people, property and the environment.
Controlled airspace	An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights, and to VFR flights, in accordance with the airspace classification.
Controlled drug	Any substance, preparation, mixture, or article specified or described in Schedule 1, Schedule 2, or Schedule 3 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975; and includes any controlled drug analogue.
Controlled drug analogue	Any substance, such as the substances specified or described in Part 7 of Schedule 3 to the Misue of Drugs Act, that has a structure substantially similar to that of any controlled drug; but does not include (a) any substance specified or described in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2 or Parts 1 to 6 of Schedule 3 to this Act; or (b) any pharmacy-only medicine or prescription medicine or restricted medicine within the meaning of the Medicines Act 1981.
Controlled flight	Any flight that is subject to an ATC clearance.
Controlled pesticide	A pesticide specified in Part A of Schedule 7 to the HSNO Act. It includes sodium fluoroacetate (1080) and cyanide.
Controlled zone	An area abutting a hazardous substance location that is regulated so that: (a) within the zone, the adverse effects of a hazardous substance are reduced or prevented; and (b) beyond the zone, members of the public are provided with reasonable protection from those adverse effects.
Controller	In relation to an item of equipment operated, or intended to be operated, in a place of work means a person who is the owner, lessee,sublessee, or bailee, of that equipment.
Contusion	A closed wound caused by a blow from a blunt object. There is usually bleeding into the affected tissue. A bruise.
Converter dolly	An individual trailer unit with a fifth wheel coupling used to convert a semi-trailer to a full trailer. A dolly must have either: (a) a rigid drawbar associated with an oscillating fifth wheel and a single axle or a tandem axle set; or (b) a tandem axle set with a hinged drawbar with a fixed fifth wheel.
Conveyor	A device for moving materials or objects from one place to another by means of a moving belt, chain, etc.
Cool location	A location in New Zealand where the degree-day total is 920 or more.
COP	Code of practice.
Co-pilot	A licensed pilot, serving in any piloting capacity other than as pilot-in-command; but does not include a pilot receiving flight instruction from a pilot on board the aircraft.
COPS	See Cabin operator protective structure.
CORD	Chronic obstructive respiratory disease.
Cord extension set (extension lead)	An assembly of a cord intended for connection to a mains outlet socket, a sheathed flexible cord and a cord extension socket.
Core	The centre section of wire rope.
Core body temperature	The temperature found in the brain, heart and abdominal organs. It varies little from 37°C and is vital for the normal functioning of these organs.
Corner block	Tailrope block(s) at the back of a setting which changes direction of the tailrope.
Cornering lamp	A lamp designed to emit light at the front of the vehicle to supplement a vehicle's headlamps by illuminating the road ahead in the direction of the turn.
Corridor	A straight cleared extraction strip, usually for cable hauler thinning.
Corrosion damage	In relation to a vehicle is where the metal has been eaten away, which is evident by pitting. The outward signs of such corrosion damage is typically displayed by the lifting or bubbling of paint. In extreme cases, the area affected by the corrosion damage will fall out and leave a hole.
Corrosive	A substance that either produces destruction of tissue (e.g. skin or eye) or corrodes metal surfaces.
Corrosive substances	(Class 8 Dangerous Goods) Substances that, by chemical action, will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue or will damage or destroy other goods or the vehicle in which they are transported if they leak from their packaging. Dangerous goods of Class 8 are assigned to a packing group according to the degree of danger they present: Packing Group I (high danger); Packing Group II (medium danger); Packing Group III (low danger).
Corrosives tank	A vessel exceeding 250 litres water capacity used for the transport or storage of corrosive substances in bulk. Tanks may be of the following types: (a) fixed tank - a tank which is permanently mounted on a vehicle chassis. Includes pipework, pumps, etc; (b) demountable tank (multi-modal tank) - a tank designed to convey corrosive substances by road or rail. Generally approved for bulk service only (nominally full or empty); (c) skid tank - a tank designed for temporary storage of corrosive substances, and suitable for transportation from one location to another; (d) intermediate bulk container (IBC) - a container designed, constructed and tested to United Nations Recommendations, Chapter 16.
Corrosives tank wagon	Any vehicle used for the carriage of corrosives in bulk in a fixed tank or tanks. Tank wagons may be of one of the following types: (a) tank truck - a single vehicle having its own means of propulsion; (b) tank semi-trailer - a vehicle including a prime mover constructed so that when drawn through a fifth wheel or turntable connection, part of the load rests on the towing vehicle; (c) tank trailer - a vehicle which does not have its own means of propulsion, but does not include a tank semi-trailer.
Cospas-Sarsat	A satellite Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) system.
Cotter pin	A tapered pin or wedge, used to locate and connect a pulley etc. shaft.
Counterbore	(1) A parallel enlargement of the mouth of a hole. (2) Tool to produce this parallel enlargement.
Countersink	(1) A tapered enlargement of the mouth of a hole. (2) Tool to produce this tapered enlargement.
Countershaft	A short, intermediate shaft in a drive, usually fitted with gears, pulleys or sprockets.
Counterweight	A weight used to balance part or all of the weight of an object which must be lifted, to ease the job of lifting it.
Coupler	A fitting used to fix scaffold tubes together.
Coupling	A semi-permanent connection between two shafts to transmit rotary motion between them. May be solid, or may allow a small amount of misalignment view between the shafts by incorporating flexible members.
Court (ERS Employment Court)	A formal hearing conducted in a Courtroom before a judge.
Coverage clause	(a) In relation to a collective agreement (i) means a provision in the agreement that specifies the work that the agreement covers, whether by reference to the work or type of work or employees or types of employees; and (ii) includes a provision in the agreement that refers to named employees, or to the work or type of work done by named employees, to whom the collective agreement applies.
CPR	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
CPU	Central Processing Unit.
Cradle or removable cradle	An assembly on to which logs may be loaded for later cartage.
Craft	Includes any aircraft, ship, boat, or other machine or vessel used or able to be used for the transportation of people or goods, or both, by air or sea.
Crane	A powered device that is equipped with mechanical means for raising or lowering loads suspended by means of a hook or other load-handling device; and that can, by the movement of the whole device or of its boom, jib, trolley or other such part, reposition or move suspended loads both vertically and horizontally. It includes all parts of the crane down to and including the hook or load-handling device, and all ropes, wires, chains or other devices used to move the hook, or device.
Crane boom, crane jib	A forklift attachment having a raised cantilevered boom to which one or more crane hooks may be fitted.
Crane-lifted work platform	That portion of equipment from which employees carry out their work that is either attached to the cranes's hook or block.
Crane rating chart	A notice fitted on or attached to a crane stating the maximum SWL for the crane in specified operating conditions.
Crank	A lever attached to a shaft, carrying a pin whose axis is offset from but parallel to, the axis of the shaft. In general, the radius of the crankpin is smaller than the offset between the axes (throw).
Crankshaft	A shaft to which a crank and crankpin are fitted and about which they rotate.
Crawler	A machine mounted on, and travelling on, tracks.
Crew	In relation to an aircraft or ship, includes its pilot in command, captain or master but does not include any person employed or engaged solely to maintain it while it is not in flight or at sea or to load it, unload it or both.
Crew accommodation	Includes such sleeping rooms, mess rooms, sanitary accommodation, changing rooms, hospital accommodation, store rooms, catering accommodation, offices, and recreational accommodation as are provided for the seafarers on board a ship.
Critical control point	A step at which control can be applied that is essential to prevent or eliminate a hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level.
Critical incident	A situation faced by emergency services that causes them to experience unusually strong emotional reactions which have the potential to interfere with their ability to function reliably.
Critical performance parameter	A performance parameter that has a direct effect on the operational integrity of an aeronautical facility.
Critical temperature	The temperature of a gas in its critical state, above which it cannot be liquefied by pressure alone.
Critical time	The time required for unignited fuel to accumulate in such quantity and proportions that, if ignited, the pressure of the resultant explosion would constitute a hazard (see AS1735 for methods of determination).
Critical weld	A weld positioned where failure could affect the soundness of the structure and result in injury to the user.
Crocidolite	Blue asbestos. An iron-sodium silicate, blue in colour. Fibres are straight and rigid and may split longitudinally to produce fine fibrils. The most hazardous form of asbestos.
Cross-country flight	A flight which extends more than 25 nautical miles in a straight line distance from the centre of the aerodrome of departure.
Crosscut or Buck	To cut wood across the grain, hence, to cut trees into logs.
Crosscutter	One who cuts felled trees into logs.
Crossover	In tree pruning, when the pruner hook and cutter cross over each other. Severe damage occurs to the working edges due to a loose centre bolt or to the worker twisting the handles while cutting the branch (incorrect technique).
Cross-ply	A pneumatic tyre structure in which the ply cords in the tyre carcass extend to the beads and are laid at alternate angles, which are substantially less than 90 degrees, to the centre-line of the tread. This tyre structure is also referred to as 'bias ply' or 'diagonal ply'.
Cross section	The shape of a part seen when 'cut' or 'sectioned' in a specified place, usually at right angles to the axis.
Cross-sectional study	A descriptive epidemiological study design where the status of individuals is assessed at the same point in time.
Crow bar (Pinch bar)	A steel bar, flattened at one end, used for levering or prizing.
Crown	Upper foliage of a tree.
Crown entity	A body or statutory officer named or described in the Fourth Schedule of the Public Finance Act 1989.
Crown funding agreement	An agreement that the Crown enters into with any person, under which the Crown agrees to provide money in return for the person providing, or arranging for the provision of, services specified in the agreement.
Crown organisation	A Crown entity, government department, or government-related organisation.
Crowned	The rounding of a load to allow binder chains to contact as much of the upper surface as possible.
Crude rate	The frequency with which an event occurs relative to the number of people in a defined population.
Cruising level	A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight.
Crushing point	Place where parts of equipment can move against each other or a fixed area so that persons, or parts of their body, can be crushed.
Crutch	The point at which a tree stem forks.
Cryogenic	Of or relating to the behavior of matter at very low temperatures.
Cryogenic container	A closed pressure container designed to maintain an internal temperature low enough to cause the gas inside it to revert to its liquid or partially liquid state.
Cryogenic liquid	A gas that has been cooled to below -150 degrees Centigrade and liquefied which can cause severe body burns or embrittlement of metals and other materials.
CSA	When followed by a number, means the Canadian Standards Association.
CSC cargo container	A container that has been inspected and tested in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention for Safe Containers 1972, and any amendments of, and regulations appended to, that Convention that are for the time being in force.
CSF	Cerebral spinal fluid.
CT	Computerised axial tomography (CAT scan).
CTC	Canadian Transport Commission.
Cubic metre	References to gas volumes are at base conditions, free of water vapour, at a temperature of 15°C and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa.
Cull	(1) A tree or log of utilisable size which is of no commercial value because of defects. (2) To reject defective or unmerchantable trees or logs.
Culturally appropriate services	Services responsive to, and respectful of, the history, traditions and cultural values of the different ethnic groups in our society.
Cumulative risk	The risk posed by a hazardous facility added to or multiplied by risks from other facilities.
Current	Flow of energy through an electrical conductor.
Current accepted good practice	The provision of services to achieve quality outcomes for the client, in line with the normally accepted range of practice within the relevant service group, and reflective of current guidelines for that service provision where these exist. This may include codes of practice, research/evidence/experience-based practice, professional standards, guidelines, benchmarking.
Cut or trim notice	A notice given under regulation 9 of the Electricity (Hazards from Trees) Regulations 2003.
Cutaneous	Pertaining to the skin.
Cutaneous hazard	A chemical which may cause harm to the skin, such as defatting, irritation, skin rashes or dermatitis.
Cut-out	A condition in which the device or system under consideration has been turned off and can automatically restart after the fault has been corrected. The associated audible and visible alarms still remain activated and require manual operator resetting.
Cutover	Clear felled area of forest.
Cutter	In relation to woodworking machinery includes all kinds of cutting tools, circular saws, milling cutters, routers, spindle moulders, planing and tenoning machines, hand saw blades, rotary knives, disc blades, water jet cutting or edges of moving sheet material.
Cutter bar (guide bar)	Bar which supports chain on chainsaw.
Cutter tooth	On a chainsaw, the sections of chain which cut.
Cutting fluid	Oil or other liquid applied to a cutting tool to cool and lubricate it.
Cutting plan	Operating plan for felling trees in a given area.
Cut-up tree	A tree that has been scarfed and backcut but has not fallen.
CVD	Cardiovascular disease.
CVIU	Commercial Vehicle Inspection Unit (of the Police).
Cyanosis	Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane due to reduced level of oxygen in the blood. May be peripheral due to poor circulation or central due to failure of oxygenation.
Cycle	One of a repeating series of events or sequence of operations performed by a machine, from start to finish.
Cylinder (gas)	(a) A refillable or non-refillable compressed gas container that is commonly used for storing and transporting compressed gases; and (b) includes a cryogenic container and a fire extinguisher; but (c) does not include an aerosol dispenser.
Cylinder	A container which falls within the scope of AS 2030.1 or, in New Zealand, an approved container as relevant to LP gas.
Cylinder regulator	A gas pressure regulator on a cylinder installation that is subjected to the gas pressure directly from the cylinder.
Cyclone	A large conical container used to separate dust or powder from an airflow.
Cystine	Amino acid found in plants, egg albumin and keratin.
Cytogenetics	The study of the structure and functions of the cells of the body, with particular reference to the chromosomes.
Cytotoxic	Destructive to living cells.
Cytotoxic drugs	A category of drugs which have the ability to kill or arrest the growth of living cells. They play an important part in the treatment of cancer, and as immunosuppressive agents in transplantation and various diseases with an immunological basis. Also known as anti-neoplastic drugs or cancer chemotherapy drugs.
Dam	A very thin, rectangular latex barrier utilised during oral/ vaginal and oral/anal sex to prevent transmission of sexually transmissible infections (STIs).
Damage classification	Evaluation and recording of damage to structures, facilities, resources or objects according to categories: 'severe damage', which precludes further use of the structure, facility or object for its intended purpose. 'moderate damage', or the degree of damage to principal members, which precludes effective use of the structure, facility or object for its intended purpose, unless major repairs are made short of complete reconstruction. 'light damage', such as broken windows, slight damage to roofing and walls, interior partitions blown down and cracked walls; the damage is not severe enough to preclude the use of the installation for the purpose for which it was intended.
Damp location	A place where moisture is present (either permanently or intermittently) to the extent that it might decrease the effectiveness or safety of an electrical installation.
Damp-proof course (DPC)	A narrow strip (generally up to 300 mm wide) of durable vapour barrier placed between building elements to prevent the passage of moisture from one element to another.
Damp-proof membrane (DPM)	A sheet material, coating or vapour barrier, having a low water vapour transmission, and used to prevent water and water vapour movement through concrete in contact with the ground. (Also known as a concrete underlay.)
Damping	Limitation of movement or the dissipation of energy.
DAN O2	International Oxygen Therapy Certificate, equivalent to St. John Oxygen Therapy Certificate.
Danger	Applied in the context of safety signs to a situation which is likely to be life-threatening if the message is ignored.
Danger signs	See Hazard signs.
Dangerous goods	Any of the following five categories of substance: 1. Explosives 2. Gases: compressed, dissolved or liquefied 3. Flammable liquids 4. Flammable solids/substances 5. Oxidising substances.
Dangerous goods documentation	Those documents required to be carried on vehicles carrying dangerous goods that describe the nature, quantity, packaging and loading details of the dangerous goods being transported.
Dangerous goods endorsement	A notation on a driver licence indicating that the holder has, within the past five years, completed a driver licence endorsement course for dangerous goods or hazardous substances approved by the Director of the Land Transport Safety Authority.
Dangerous goods enforcement officer	A person appointed by warrant under section 208 of the Land Transport Act 1998.
Dangerous goods in limited quantities	Dangerous goods packaged so that the maximum quantities in individual inner packaging meet the requirements for Dangerous Goods in Limited Quantities in any of the following: (a) Schedule 2 [Land Transport Act 1998]; or (b) United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods; or (c) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; or (d) Technical Instructions for Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air of the International Civil Aviation Organisation; or (e) Dangerous Goods Regulations of the International Air Transport Association.
Dangerous goods incident (DGD)	An incident associated with and related to the carriage of dangerous goods by air after acceptance by the operator, that: (1) results in injury to a person, property damage, fire, breakage, spillage, leakage of fluid or radiation, or other evidence that the integrity of the packaging has not been maintained; or (2) involves dangerous goods incorrectly declared, packaged, labelled, marked, or documented.
Dangerous goods workroom	A room reserved primarily for the use of dangerous goods of Class 3(a) or Class 3(b) (i.e. flammable liquids).
Data	Includes values that are directly measured, calculated, or estimated for any of the measures given.
Data logger	An automatic device which gives a printout of all safety-related events and functions, together with the times that they occur and details of the corrective actions applied. The printout may also include regular details of critical or essential operational data.
Day	The hours between: (1) the beginning of morning civil twilight, which is when the centre of the rising sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon; and (2) the end of evening civil twilight, which is when the centre of the setting sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon.
Daylight	The distance between the bottom of the tool and the top of the die in a press when they are furthest apart. (Note: Daylight may not equal the stroke of the machine.)
Deadweight	The difference in tonnes between the displacement of a ship in water of a specific gravity of 1.025 at the load waterline corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard and the lightweight of the ship.
Decibel (dB)	A dimensionless unit used to compare the magnitudes of sound pressure squared. It is used as a measure of the level of sound above a reference value being approximately the quietest sound that a person can hear.
dB(A)	A-weighted decibel. The A-weighting is that specified in the International Standard IEC 60651. A-frequency weighting is used because it approximates the response of the human ear.
dB(C)	C-weighted decibel. The C-weighting is that specified in the International Standard IEC 60651.
DBH	Department of Building and Housing (formerly Building Industry Industry Authority - BIA).
DBH	Diameter at breast height, 1.4 m from the ground.
DC	An electric current which flows in one direction only, as opposed to alternating current.
DCIEM	Canadian dive table, Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine.
DDD	Designated Diving Doctor.
DDT	1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane. An insecticide previously used in New Zealand.
Dead end	In hauler logging, to anchor a rope from a drum to a fixed object, e.g. a skyline.
Deadman	A solid object, usually a log, buried in the ground to form an anchor for guys, blocks or hauler tieback.
Deadman control	A control where movement can only occur while the control is held by a person, and which causes all movemen of the mechanical parts of the machine or plant to stop when it is released. The controls must not be overridden by any other mechanism.
Decanting	A procedure in which the liquid phase of LP gas is transferred from one container to another by utilising the difference in pressure between the two containers.
Decilitre	One tenth of a litre or 100 millilitres.
Decision (ERS Tribunal)	If the case was adjudicated in the Tribunal, a written decision is issued at the conclusion of the hearing(s), i.e. a verdict, a conclusion on the matter before the Tribunal.
Declaration	Or 'civil defence declaration'. Official issuing of a state of emergency by an authorised person at a district, regional or national level when it is apparent that the individual emergency services, TLAs or government departments are unable to cope without co-ordination or support.
Decomposition temperature	In relation to a class 5 hazardous substance, means the temperature at which the class 5 substance will spontaneously decompose, possibly with explosive force, releasing heat and usually combustible by-products.
Decontamination	The process of removing or neutralising hazardous substances on personnel and equipment.
Dedicated groundsprayer	A self-propelled or trailing machine whose sole function is the application of chemicals or liquid fertiliser to crops or to the ground.
Dedicated smoking room	An internal area in a hospital care institution, a residential disability care institution, or a rest home that is used solely to enable patients or residents who smoke to smoke, or to socialise with each other in a place where smoking is permitted.
Dee	A 'D' shaped groove cut in the end of a log to allow a hauling rope or chain to be attached in such a way that the pull is exerted at the centre of the log.
De-energised	Disconnected from all sources of supply but not necessarily isolated, tested and earthed.
De-escalation	A complex interactive process in which a highly aroused individual is redirected from an unsafe course of action towards a supported and calmer emotional state through appropriate and effective communication.
Defect incident (DEF)	An incident that involves failure or malfunction of an aircraft or aircraft component, whether found in flight or on the ground.
Defence Force	The New Zealand Defence Force comprises the Armed Forces of New Zealand ( i.e. Naval Forces, Army and Royal NZ Air Force) and the Civil Staff.
Deflagrate	In relation to a substance that is initiated or ignited, means the production in that substance of a chemical reaction that proceeds through, or along the surface of, the substance at subsonic velocity, where that chemical reaction: (a) results in the steady production of hot gases at high pressures; and (b) if the substance is sufficiently confined, results in an increase in pressure, rate of reaction, and temperature that may produce a detonation of the substance.
Deflection	The degree to which the section of an inflated tyre distorts or deflects under load. The ratio of the loaded section height to the unloaded section height of a tyre, expressed as a percentage.
Deflection-limiting volume	An orthogonal approximation of a large, seated, male operator (on a mobile plant) wearing normal clothing and a hard hat.
Degree-day	In relation to any location on any day (a) if a base temperature of 15°C is greater than the mean of the maximum and minimum outdoor temperatures at that location on that day, means the number of degrees Celsius by which that base temperature is greater than that mean: (b) if a base temperature of 15°C is not greater than the mean of the maximum and minimum outdoor temperatures at that location on that day, means 0.
Degree-day total	In relation to any location, means the sum of the degree-days for that location for the period of 1 May to 31 August, as derived from Average Degree-day Tables - Selected NZ Stations (Miscellaneous Publication 159, 1978 of the New Zealand Meteorological Service).
Degree of protection/ Ingress protection (IP) rating	The extent of protection provided by an enclosure against contact with hazardous parts or against the entrance of solid foreign objects, water or dust. Enclosures need to be marked with an IP rating, e.g. IP67; the last two digits will vary depending on the type of enclosure.
Dehydration	Loss of fluids from the body through sweat while a person is working in a hot environment. Dehydration will lead to a loss of energy and concentration and possible loss of balance.
Delimb or trim	To remove limbs or branches from a tree or log.
Delimber	A machine designed to remove limbs from trees.
Delimber-feller buncher	A self-propelled machine designed to delimb, fell and bunch trees for subsequent extraction.
Delimbing knives	Fixed or movable, single or double-edged knives on the delimbing machine designed to hold the tree stem and perform the delimbing action.
Delineator	A traffic control device including a guide post, chevron board, bollard, barrel or barrier, that is placed on or beside a roadway to guide road users.
Demise charter	In relation to a ship, means the demise, letting, hire, or delivery of the ship to the charterer, by virtue of which the charterer has whole possession and control of the ship, including the right to appoint its master and crew.
Demolition	The dismantling, wrecking, pulling down or knocking down of any building or structure or part thereof; but does not include such work of a minor nature which does not involve structural alterations.
Demolition ball	A cast steel weight with eyes and fixings, suspended from a lifting appliance and used to demolish a structure.
Departmental medical practitioner (DMP)	Medical staff with qualifications in occupational medicine, employed by the Occupational Safety and Health Service of the Department of Labour (OSH) to carry out a range of occupational health functions.
Dependent	Being in a state of periodic or chronic intoxication, produced by the repeated consumption, smoking, or other use of a controlled drug detrimental to the person in relation to whom the word is used, and involving a compulsive desire to continue consuming, smoking, or otherwise using the drug or a tendency to increase the dose of the drug; and 'dependency' has a corresponding meaning.
Depot (dangerous goods)	In relation to dangerous goods, means such building, place, or vessel as may be approved by the Authority as a depot for the storage of dangerous goods.
Depth gauge	Metal projection incorporated in front of a cutter (cutting tooth) of saw chain to govern the depth of cut.
Deratting certificate	In relation to a ship, means a certificate stating that the ship has been fumigated so as to destroy rodents on board the ship.
Dermatitis	Inflammation of the skin. There are two types: (1) Irritant contact dermatitis: direct damage to the skin caused by contact with irritant substances, e.g. acids, alkalis, organic solvents; and (2) Allergic contact dermatitis: reaction caused by substances to which the skin has become sensitised. Exposure to minute amounts of such a substance will trigger an allergic reaction.
Derricking or luffing	Angular movement of a crane boom in a vertical plane.
DES	NZ Divers' Emergency Services.
Designated Diving Doctor (DDD)	A medical practitioner holding a current registration with the Medical Council of NZ who has undertaken a recognised training course in underwater hyperbaric medicine, and is competent to carry out medical examinations for occupational divers.
Designer	A designer of equipment that could reasonably be expected to be operated in a place of work.
Design life	The theoretical life of an asset assumed in its design.
Design pressure	The pressure used in the equations for designing a gas cylinder. This may be: (a) service pressure; (b) working pressure; (c) developed pressure; (d) test pressure; (e) burst pressure; depending on the specification.
Design standard	Any standard of generally accepted industry practice, recognised by the Secretary of Labour, for the design, alteration or repair of equipment.
Design verification	Means verification that the following comply, in every respect related to safety, with the requirements of the appropriate design standards and contain every safety feature that is relevant, whether or not referred to in those standards: (a) Design of equipment; and (b) Alterations to designs, affecting the structural strength or safety of equipment, made in the course of manufacture; and (c) Designs of any repair or alteration affecting the operational safety of the equipment repaired or altered or any other equipment; and (d) The fabrication inspection requirements specified by the designer.
Design verifier	A person who: (a) is employed or engaged by an accredited inspection body to carry out the functions referred to in the PECPR Regulations; and (b) is the holder of a relevant certificate of competence.
Desorption	Removal of a sorbed substance by the reverse process of adsorption or absorption.
Detailed inspection	In respect of a progressive inspection, means a thorough examination of an aircraft and its components, systems and equipment with such disassembly as is necessary and includes the overhaul of a component or system.
Determinant	A social, cultural, economic, technological, demographic or environmental variable causally associated with exposure to a risk factor or incidence of a disease or other health condition.
Determination (ERS Authority)	If the case was held in the Authority, a written determination is issued at the conclusion of the investigation meeting(s), i.e. a determination, a conclusion on the matter before the Authority.
Detonate	In relation to a substance that is initiated, means the production in that substance of a chemical reaction that proceeds through that substance at supersonic velocity, resulting in the production of heat and a supersonic shock wave through the surrounding medium.
Detonator	A capsule or case which contains such a quantity of an explosive of the fifth (fulminate) class that the explosion of one capsule or case will communicate itself to other like capsules or cases.
Detoxification	The process by which an individual is withdrawn from the effects of a psychoactive substance.
Develop	In relation to organisms, means genetic modification of any organism; but does not include field testing.
Developed pressure	The pressure developed in a gas cylinder at the reference temperature, particularly when the cylinder has been filled in accordance with the approved filling pressure.
Deviation	Movement of a body part towards the extreme in its range of motion. For example, ulnar deviation of the wrist describes the movement of the wrist away from a straight position towards the ulna bone in the forearm.
DGLQ	Dangerous Goods in Limited Quantities
DHB	District Health Board. The 21 DHBs are the current health funding bodies, introduced on 1 January 2001.
DHMS	Diving Hyperbaric Medical Service (located at Devonoport Naval Base).
Diagnostic specimen	Any human or animal material including, but not limited to, excreta, secreta, blood and its components, tissue and tissue fluids being transported for diagnostic or investigation purposes; but excludes live infected animals.
Diaphoresis	Perspiration.
Diameter (or bore)	The nominal internal diameter.
Die	A specially shaped steel device which when used with a matching die, tool or punch in a press will form, punch or bend a workpiece. On other machines, the die is that component which gives the workpiece its shape (e.g. extrusion dies, injection moulding dies, etc.).
Die casting	A process in which molten metal is forced into a metal die, which gives the final shape of the product, and allowed to cool and solidify.
Die nut	A tool, resembling a nut, used to cut a screw thread on a bar or shaft.
Diesel	A refined petroleum distillate having a viscosity and distillation range that is intermediate between those of kerosene and light lubricating oil, whether or not it contains additives, and that is intended for use as fuel in internal combustion engines ignited by compression.
Diffuse emissions	Emissions of wastes from sources other than point sources.
Digitiser tablet	An input device, with effects similar to a mouse, often used with CAD systems.
DIH	Diploma in Industrial Health.
DIN	Deutsche Industrie Norm (German Standard Specification).
Dioxin	A generic term used to describe, collectively, the PCDDs and PCDFs. Sometimes also used for specific reference to 2,3,7,8-TCDD, which is considered to be the reference congener for the PCDD and PCDF family of compounds.
Dioxin-like compounds	A generic term used to describe the PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs (i.e. it includes the 'dioxins').
Dioxin-like PCBs	The non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB congeners that elicit dioxinspecific biochemical and toxic responses by interaction with the Ah receptor.
Dip HSM	Diploma in Health and Safety Management.
Direct chromatographic measurement of components	Individual components or groups of components determined by comparison with identical components in the working reference gas mixture (WRM). NOTE: Main and associated components are determined using direct measurement.
Direct contact (electrical)	Occurs when direct body contact is made with a live conductor or some other live apparatus.
Direct sampling	Sampling in situations where there is a direct connection between the medium to be sampled and the analytical unit (i.e. in-line or on-line instrument).
Direction-indicator	A lamp on a vehicle, used for signalling an intention to change direction to the right or to the left.
Directional felling	Felling trees according to a predetermined pattern to reduce breakage or to facilitate breaking out and delimbing.
Directional tread	A tyre tread formed with 'Chevron' grooves used on tyres providing good traction combined with self-cleaning properties. Tyres with directional treads must be fitted with the point of the chevron pointing in the direction of travel, otherwise traction will be lost.
Directions Conference (ERS Authority)	A discussion between the Authority and parties to an employment relationship problem lodged with the Authority, usually for the purpose of case management. Usually conducted by way of telephone conference.
Director	A person, usually a member of board of director, responsible for the governance of an organisation.
Disability	Incapacity caused by a congenital state, injury or age-related condition expected to last six months or more. A disability may or may not be associated with the need for assistance.
Disability adjusted life expectancy (DALE)	The average number of years an individual of a given age is expected to live, with the years of life weighted on a 0-1 scale according to the social preferences for the different states of disability into which the population is distributed, if current mortality and disability rates, and current disability state valuations, continue to apply.
Disability adjusted life year (DALY)	A health gap measure derived by adding YLD to YLL. One DALY thus represents the loss of one year of healthy life.
Disability support services	Includes goods, services, and facilities: (a) provided to people with disabilities for their care or support or to promote their inclusion and participation in society, and independence; or (b) provided for purposes related or incidental to the care or support of people with disabilities or to the promotion of the inclusion and participation in society, and independence of such people
Discharge into the environment	(a) Includes release from a treatment facility, incinerator, landfill, or sewage facility; but (b) does not include depositing or discharge into a treatment facility, incinerator, landfill, or sewage facility.
Discomfort	A subjective personal experience of physical or mental distress, which is more diffuse than pain.
Disease	Any injury, ailment, deformity, disorder, or adverse condition, whether of body or mind.
Disease latency	The period between first exposure and the onset of detectable disease.
Disposal	In relation to hazardous substances, means treating the substance in such a way that it is no longer hazardous; discharging the substance into environment as waste; or exporting the substance as a waste from New Zealand. In relation to a new organism, means rendering the organism biologically inactive in such a manner as to prevent the occurrence of any future biological activity; or exporting the organism from New Zealand.
Disposable earplug	An earplug designed to be worn once.
Distress	Means that a vessel or a person is in grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance.
District Health Board	A District Health Board established under section 19 of the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000.
Dive supervisor	A dive supervisor shall be a diver who is not necessarily fit to dive provided that a level of fitness required for the responsibilities undertaken is maintained. The dive supervisor will betrained and experienced in the dive techniques and equipment being used in the dive operation. He or she will be appointed in writing by the employer, will be on site at all times and will also hold appropriate first aid qualifications in the management of diving-related medical problems relevant to the level of diving operation being carried out.
Diverter	A geothermal well control device consisting of sealing elements compressed in a cylindrical body mounted on a well and operated by hydraulically or air-activated cylinders, with piping to direct the discharge from a well at a safe distance during drilling operations.
Diving	Diving under water where the diver breathes gases at greater than atmospheric pressure; and 'diver' has a corresponding meaning.
Diving Medical Consultant (DMC)	The person in charge of the Diving Hyperbaric Medicine Unit. The issuer of occupational diving medicals.
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid. The hereditary material of living organisms.
Dock board	See bridge-plate.
Document of Compliance	Means: (a) in relation to an owner of a New Zealand ship, a maritime document issued under Part V of the Maritime Transport Act 1994 in accordance with rules 21.7(1) and 21.7(2); (b) in relation to an owner of a foreign ship, the document of compliance or equivalent referred to under rule 21.8.
Dog	(a) A short heavy piece of steel with a head and a pointed end which is driven into wood to hold a rope or rail. (b) A pawl or ratchett, to prevent a drum slipping.
Dogman	A person qualified to sling loads and direct the lifting and placing operations of a crane.
DoL	Department of Labour.
Domestic assistance	Help with housework, domestic duties, e.g. vacuuming, cleaning, cooking.
DOS	Diameter over stubs. The whorl with the largest diameter within the lift will be the DOS whorl. DOS measures the defect core of the tree.
Dose	The concentration of a substance and the time period during which the exposure occurs. The dose received links hazard and toxicity.
Dose equivalent (radiation)	The product of the absorbed dose at a point in time and a quality factor which takes into account the relative effectiveness of different types of radiation for causing damage. The unit is the sievert (Sv).
Dose-response assessment	A determination of the degree of health effects at different doses of a hazard.
Dose-response relationship	The quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a toxicant and the incidence of the adverse effects.
DOT	Department of Transportation (USA) On a tyre sidewall of a passenger tyre, refers to a tyre manufactured to DOT Standards.
Double insulated electrical appliance	An appliance that has no earth connection. This will have the symbol of a square box within a square box or the words 'double insulated' marked on the nameplate of the appliance. Known as a Class II electrical appliance.
Double leader	A tree with two more or less equal stems above a crutch.
Downhole heat exchanger	A U-tube or two concentric tubes immersed in a geothermal well for the recovery of heat.
Dozer	A machine consisting of a wheeled tractor or crawler tractor with a blade mounted on the front.
DPH	Diploma in Public Health.
DPV	Diver Propulsion Vehicle.
Dracone	A large flexible cylindrical container, towed by a vessel, used for transporting liquids.
Drag	A log or number of logs skidded or hauled from stump to skid in a cycle.
Drain	A passage, channel, or pipe on, over, or under the ground for the reception and discharge of stormwater or pollutants, whether continuously or intermittently.
Drawbar	An assembly of components, that includes: the trailer coupling that connects the trailer to the coupling of the towed vehicle; hinges (where applicable); and the structural and other related components between the trailer coupling and trailer bogie or chassis.
Drawbeam	The part of the towing vehicle to which a coupling is fitted to enable a heavy trailer to be connected; and includes the attached coupling.
Drawing	A process where metal is stretched and formed into cup-like shapes by drawing dies in a press.
Draw-wood	Slivers of wood pulled from the butt of a falling tree and remaining attached to the stump.
Dredger	A vessel fitted with plant or apparatus for dredging, excavating, or rock breaking, or for eroding and disposing of sand and other detritus from the sea bed.
Drill	A revolving tool used for cutting (twist drill) cylindrical holes in the workpiece. It has cutting edges at one end, helical grooves to allow the cut material to escape, and the other end is formed for holding in a drill chuck or the tapered bore of a machine spindle.
Drill chuck	A small self-centering chuck having three jaws which grip a drill shank. The chuck is mounted on the spindle of a drill press, hand drill, etc.
Drill press	A machine tool for drilling holes, generally consists of a vertical pillar, carrying an adjustable table to support the workpiece and a 'head' at the top containing the motor, transmission, and the spindle on which the drill or chuck is mounted. The side under tension, running from the driven pulley to the driving pulley.
Drilling rig (petroleum)	Plant or equipment on the well site necessary to make, maintain, suspend, or abandon the well.
Drive	Felling a tree so that it falls against another cut-up tree in order to fell it.
Driver and driven (gears, etc)	A pair of gears, one driving the other. The term is also used for other transmission types.
Driving side (belt or chain)	The side of a transmission belt or chain which transmits the power.
Dropline	Wire rope which can be lowered from a carriage, to which loads of logs are attached by means of strops.
Drop start	Unsafe and illegal method of starting a chainsaw by holding the start cord and dropping the saw.
Dropper(s)	Short lengths of rope at the end of a main rope on a skidding machine to which strops are attached.
Drowning	The process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid.
Drug	A term of varied usage. In medicine, it refers to any substance with the potential to prevent or cure disease or enhance physical or mental welfare, and in pharmacology to any chemical agent that alters the biochemical or physiological processes of tissues or organisms. Hence, a drug is a substance that is, or could be, listed in pharmacopoeia. In common usage, the term often refers specifically to psychoactive drugs, and often, even more specifically, to illicit drugs, of which there is non-medical use in addition to any medical use. Professional formulations (e.g. 'alcohol and other drugs') often seek to make the point that caffeine, tobacco, alcohol and other substances in common non-medical use are also drugs in the sense of being taken at least in part for their psychoactive effects.
Drug(s)	In the context of the Government's National Drugs Policy, 'drug' or 'drugs' refers to tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, volatile substances (such as petrol, solvents and inhalants), and other substances used for psychoactive effects, recreation or enhancement, as well as prescription and pharmacy-only drugs used outside medical or pharmaceutical advice. 'Drugs' should be read as synonymous with 'tobacco, alcohol and other drugs'.
Drug-related harm	In terms of the Government's National Drugs Policy, 'drug-related harm' refers to all harms that are direct or indirect consequences of drug use. These consequences may affect those who use drugs as well as others. 'Harm' includes all adverse effects or outcomes, including harm to health as well as detrimental effects on social and family relationships, loss of actual or potential enjoyment or livelihood, and economic or financial costs.
Drug resistance	Resistance to the action of drugs; said of micro-organisms.
Drum	A spool on which a rope is wound.
Drunken saw	A circular saw blade mounted not exactly at right angles to its spindle, consequently cutting a wide kerf (groove).
Dry gas	A gas having a dew point of less than -40°C at a pressure of 101.3 kPa absolute.
DSC	Digital Selective Calling, being a technique using digital codes, which enables a radio station to establish contact with another station or group of stations.
DT50	The half-life in water, which is the time required to reduce the concentration of the original substance in water by 50%.
DTH	Delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Dual steering	In relation to a vehicle, means the vehicle is able to be steered from both the left-hand and right-hand side of the vehicle.
Dunnage	Timber (normally) material stowed under or between precast concrete elements to prevent damage or instability during storage and transportation.
Duration	The continuous time a task is performed without a rest period.
Dusts	Solid particles suspended in air as the result of the disintegration of matter. Dust may be generated by mechanical means. (a) Respirable dusts: These are dusts with particles fine enough to penetrate the smallest airways in the lungs. (b) Non-respirable dusts: The particles in these dusts are larger and are removed in the nose and upper airways of the lungs.
Dust control equipment (asbestos)	Equipment that, when used in satisfactory working order, suppresses the release of asbestos fibres into the air by any means, including the conveying of water or any other wetting agent to the asbestos that would otherwise generate asbestos dust.
Dust explosion	Explosion that occurs when a fine dust in suspension in air is ignited, resulting in a very rapid burning, and the release of large quantities of gaseous products. The explosive force is capable of damaging plant and buildings and injuring people.
Duty	What an individual or party is required to do under the HSE Act and Regulations, or other legislation.
Duty holders	All individuals or parties who exercise control over all or part of the workplace activity at any stage between concept and completion, including clients through to contractors, subcontractors and employees.
Duty of care	Responsibility to refrain from causing other people injury or loss.
Dwellinghouse	(a) Means any building or any part of a building to the extent that it is occupied as a residence; and (b) in relation to a homeworker who works in a building that is not wholly occupied as a residence, excludes any part of the building not occupied as a residence.
Dyform rope	A compacted strand rope in which the strands, initially of oversized diameter, are run through a die to reduce the diameter of the finished rope.
Dynamic testing	Analysis of the response of structures under simulated loads of the type imposed by natural hazards.
Dyspnoea	Difficult or laboured breathing. Shortness of breath.
Dystonia	Disordered muscle tone.

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