The following is a glossary
of some key terms, concepts and acronyms used in the publications in this
and in linked web sites. The terms and definitions are drawn from a number
of sources including legislation, standards, codes of practice, guides,
reports and other documents. For translations into Maori of some of the
key terms here, see the English-Maori
Glossary of Occupational Safety and Health Terms.
If you have any suggestions
for additions to the glossary, please e-mail them to the webmaster.
| Term or Acronym |
Definition |
| ABC |
Airway, Breathing, Circulation. |
| A-train |
An articulated vehicle towing a full trailer. |
| A-weighting |
The A-frequency weighting specified in the International
Standard IEC 651:1979. (Note: A-frequency weighting is used because
it approximates the response of the human ear.) |
| Abatement |
The removal or significant reduction of a source of
hazard and intervention to reduce exposure to a hazard. |
| Abnormal result |
A deviation from normal. This may be related to adverse
health effects but this is not necessarily so. |
| Abrasive |
Mineral or other substance used for grinding, sharpening
etc., e.g. aluminium oxide, silicon carbide, diamond dust. |
| Abrasive blasting |
The cleaning, smoothing, roughening, cutting, or removing
of part of the surface of any article by the use as an abrasive of
a jet of sand, metal shot, or grit or other material, propelled by
a blast of compressed air or steam or by a wheel. |
| Abrasive wheel |
(a) A wheel, cylinder, disk or cone consisting wholly
or partly of abrasive particles held together by mineral, metallic
or organic bonds whether natural or artificial;
(b) a mounted wheel or point and a wheel or disk having separate segments
of abrasive materials;
(c) a wheel or disk made of either metal, wood, cloth, felt, rubber,
paper or any other material and having a surface consisting wholly
or partly of abrasive particles;
(d) a wheel or disk the surface of which has a rim or segments consisting
of diamond abrasive particles;
(e) and all of which are, or intended to be, power driven and used
in any grinding operation.
An abrasive wheel revolves at high speed, attached to a spindle, for
the purpose of removing material from any workpiece against the grinding
face. Operations vary in precision from cutting steel or concrete
on construction sites to the surface finishing of machine parts or
jewellery. |
| Abrasion |
A superficial injury where the skin is rubbed or torn;
not a deep injury. |
| ABS |
American Bureau of Shipping. |
| ABS (anti-lock braking system) |
Brakes that are are designed to prevent wheel lock
by automatically pumping at a rate of up to 18 times per second whenever
a sensor detects the start of wheel lock. |
| Absorbed dose (radiation) |
The energy imparted to matter by ionization per unit
mass of irradiated material at the place of interest. The derived
unit of absorbed dose is the gray, being equal to 1 joule of energy
absorbed per kilogram of material irradiated. 1 Gy = 1 J kg-1 |
| Absorption |
Process by which chemicals can enter the body through
pores in the skin. |
| Abuse |
(Drug, alcohol, chemical, substance, or psychoactive
substance) Psychiatric substance abuse has been defined as 'a maladaptive
pattern of use indicated by ... continued use despite psychological
or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by the use (or by)
recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous'.
Harmful use and hazardous use are the equivalent terms in WHO usage,
although they usually relate only to the effects on health and not
to social consequences.
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence definition is: 'Persistent
or sporadic excessive drug use inconsistent with or unrelated to acceptable
medical practice'. |
| AC |
Alternating current. This is electric current which
reverses direction periodically, usually many times a second. |
| ACAS |
Airborne collision avoidance system. |
| ACC |
Accident Compensation Corporation, the agency responsible
for the administration of the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and
Compensation Act 2001. |
| ACC |
Area control centre. |
| Accessible |
Having features to permit use by people with disabilities. |
| Accessible route |
An access route usable by people with disabilities.
It shall be a continuous route that can be negotiated unaided by a
wheelchair user. The route shall extend from street boundary or car
parking area to those spaces within the building required to be accessible
to enable people with disabilities to carry out normal activities
and processes within the building. |
| ACCT |
Association for Challenge Course Technology. |
| Acceptable risk |
The level of risk that is sufficiently low that society
is prepared to accept it without wishing to spend time and money to
reduce it. |
| Access authority |
See Written authority. |
| Access route |
A continuous route that permits people and goods to
move between the apron or construction edge of the building to spaces
within a building, and between spaces within a building. |
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
An enzyme in nervous tissue which inactivates a 'neurotransmitter',
acetylcholine (AChol). |
| ACVM Act |
Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act
1997. |
| Acceptable daily exposure (ADE) |
The amount of a hazardous substance (mg/kg body weight/day)
that, given a lifetime of daily exposure, would be unlikely to result
in adverse health effects. |
| Access cover |
A panel covering an opening that is designed to permit
access by a person to the interior of plant or equipment for the purpose
of service or maintenance. |
| Accessible |
Having features to permit use by people with disabilities. |
| Accessible route |
An access route usable by people with disabilities.
It shall be a continuous route that can be negotiated unaided by a
wheelchair user. The route shall extend from street boundary or carparking
area to those spaces within the building required to be accessible
to enable people with disabilities to carry out normal activities
and processes within the building. |
| Accident |
An event that (a) causes any person to be harmed; or
(b) in different circumstances, might have caused any person to be
harmed. |
| Accident (aircraft) |
An occurrence that is associated with the operation
of an aircraft and takes place between the time any person boards
the aircraft with the intention of flight and such time as all such
persons have disembarked and the engine or any propellers or rotors
come to rest, being an occurrence in which:
(1) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
(i) being in the aircraft; or
(ii) direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including any part
that has become detached from the aircraft; or
(iii) direct exposure to jet blast - except when the injuries are
self-inflicted or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries
are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to passengers
and crew; or
(2) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure that-
(i) adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight
characteristics of the aircraft; and
(ii) would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected
component - except engine failure or damage that is limited to the
engine, its cowlings, or accessories, or damage limited to propellers,
wing tips, rotors, antennas, tyres, brakes, fairings, small dents,
or puncture holes in the aircraft skin; or
(3) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible: |
| Accident alert |
A 1-2 page information bulletin issued by OSH following
a serious accident. The alert describes what happened in the accident,
the circumstances of the accident, the result of the OSH investigation,
and recommendations on how future accidents of this type could be
prevented. |
| Accident prevention consultant |
A consultant who assists employers to develop safety
and health management systems. |
| Accident prevention tag |
A miniature sign on card, paper, pasteboard or similar
temporary or semi-permanent material, which can be attached to plant,
equipment or other objects for the purpose of imposing a regulatory
requirement or advising or informing users about some safety aspect
of the item. |
| Accident register |
Book for recording serious and non-serious harm in
the workplace. |
| Acclimatisation |
The physiological processes by which a person adapts
themselves to work safely and comfortably in an environment of temperature
extremes. |
| Accountability |
The acceptance of rights and responsibility for conduct
or behaviour. It is an acceptance of responsibility to self, the profession,
the client, employers, and to society as a whole. |
| Accredited inspection body |
An inspection body that holds current accreditation
for the inspection work performed and that is recognised by the Secretary
of Labour as provided for in the Health and Safety in Employment (PECPR)
Regulations 1999. The inspection work may be all or any of: design
verification, fabrication inspection or in-service inspection activities,
relating to the equipment under the scope of the Regulations. |
| Accumulator (Hydraulic) |
A device or vessel used to store fluid at a constant
pressure, and to even out pressure fluctuations. |
| Accused, or person accused of the offence |
In relation to a victim, means a person charged (whether
as a principal or party or accessory after the fact or otherwise)
with the commission of the offence that affected the victim. |
| AChE |
Acetyl cholinesterase (in RBC). |
| AChol |
Acetylcholine |
| ACOEM |
American College of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine. |
| ACOP |
Approved code of practice. |
| Acoustic calibrator |
A device for applying a sound pressure of known level
to the microphone of a sound measuring system for the purpose of calibration. |
| Aquaculture diving |
Diving by those involved in fish, shellfish or plant
aquatic farming; may include harvesting.
- It involves minor or routine maintenance and repair work.
- It does not include construction diving activities.
|
| Actinic degradation |
In relation to rope, means its chemical breakdown by
solar radiation. |
| Actinolite |
A type of asbestos. |
| Actuator |
Part of a switch which is moved by an outside force. |
| Active (Phase or Live) |
(Symbols A, P or L) Any wire used to conduct electricity
that is maintained at a different voltage from the neutral or earth
wires. Colours: brown or red. |
| Active conductor |
Any electrical conductor in which the electrical potential
differs from that of a neutral conductor or earth. |
| Active control |
The control of vehicular or pedestrian traffic across
a railway level crossing by devices such as flashing lights, bells,
barrier arms or a combination of these. These control devices are
activated prior to and during the time a train is passing. |
| Active medical device |
(a) Means a medical device that is intended by the
manufacturer:
(i) to depend for its operation on a source of electrical energy or
other source of energy (other than a source of energy generated directly
by a human being or gravity); and
(ii) to act by converting that energy; but
(b) does not include a medical device that is intended by the manufacturer
to transmit energy, a substance, or any other element, between a medical
device to which paragraph (a) applies and a human being without any
significant change in the energy, substance, or other element being
transmitted. |
| Active medical device for therapy |
An active medical device that is intended by the manufacturer
to be used on a person, either alone or in combination with another
medical device, to support, modify, replace, or restore biological
functions or structures for the purpose of treating or alleviating
an illness, injury, or handicap. |
| Activity |
In relation to any equipment, means any of the following:
(a) adjustment;
(b) alteration;
(c) commissioning;
(d) construction;
(e) disposal;
(f) design;
(g) design verification;
(h) equipment inspection;
(i) installation;
(j) investigation;
(k) maintenance;
(l) manufacture;
(m) operation;
(n) repair;
(o) testing. |
| Activity (A) |
The number of nuclear transformations or disintegrations
occurring in a quantity of radioactive material per unit time. The
SI unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq) (1 disintegration per
second). |
| Acute aquatic ecotoxicity value |
The lowest value expressed in units of milligrams of
a substance per litre of water from:
(a) fish LC50 data after a 96-hour exposure period; or
(b) crustacean EC50 data after a 48-hour exposure period; or
(c) algal, or other aquatic plant, EC50 data after a 72-hour or 96-hour
exposure period. |
| Acute exposure |
Exposure resulting from a single dose of a toxic substance
with immediate effects on health. |
| Acute low back pain |
The short-term (less than three months) presence of
pain in the low back, without leg symptoms or the presence of a serious
back injury or those medical conditions called 'red flags' in the
New Zealand Acute Low Back Pain Guide. Research has shown
that the majority of back claims, taken across the entire population,
fall into this category. |
| Acute toxicity |
Where a toxic effect occurs immediately or shortly
after a single exposure. |
| ADAS |
Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme. |
| ADF |
Automatic direction-finder. |
| Additive |
A substance added to fuel in trace or small quantities
in order to bring about specific benefits. |
| ADI |
Acceptable daily intake for pesticide residues in food,
determined by toxicological data estimating safe consumption levels
over a lifetime of daily exposure and incorporating a safety factor
of at least 100. |
| Adjourned (ERS Employment Court, Tribunal
or Authority) |
A scheduled hearing that was adjourned. |
| Adjourned part heard (ERS Employment Court,
Tribunal or Authority) |
A hearing that took place where the hearing or investigation
is not completed and will require a further hearing or investigation.
|
| Adjourned sine die (ERS Employment Court,
Tribunal or Authority) |
An adjournment without a further date being set for
resumption. |
| Adjudication (ERS Tribunal) |
A process where an adjudicator after hearing both sides
makes a decision for the parties. |
| Adjudicator (ERS Tribunal) |
A Tribunal member who holds an adjudicator's warrant.
|
| Administratively withdrawn (ERS Employment
Court, Tribunal or Authority) |
An application is withdrawn by the Registry in the
absence of contact from the initiating party or applicant. Only initiating
parties can legally withdraw an application. |
| Administrative controls |
Controls to reduce or eliminate an employee's exposure
to a hazard by changing the duration, frequency, and/or severity of
exposure. Examples of administrative controls include rotating employees
to jobs free of the specific hazard, adjusting work schedules, and
providing adequate staffing when the work output is increased. It
does not include engineering controls or the use of personal protective
equipment. |
| Adsorption |
The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances
on the surfaces of solids. |
| Advanced scaffolding |
Includes:
(a) basic scaffolding:
(b) suspended scaffolding:
(c) a barrow ramp:
(d) a bracket scaffold for tank work and formwork:
(e) a cantilevered scaffold:
(f) a catch net:
(g) a hoist that is cantilevered from a scaffold, has a load limit
not exceeding 250 kilograms, and is used for no purpose other than
the support of material:
(h) hung scaffolding, including scaffolding hung from a chain, tube,
or wire rope:
(i) a load platform cantilevered from a scaffold:
(j) a mast climber:
(k) a safety net for public protection:
(l) scaffolding associated with a perimeter safety screen or shutter:
(m) a sloping platform:
(n) a spurred scaffold:
(o) tube and coupler scaffolding, including a covered way or gantry
made of tube and coupler scaffolding. |
| Adventure education |
Education based on activities that create challenge
and excitement by deliberately exposing participants to elements of
risk. The purpose of adventure education is to enhance self-concept
and improve social interaction. The risks could be physical (injury),
social/emotional or material (gear/ equipment). In an educational
setting, activities are usually promoted that have a substantial degree
of learner-perceived risk, but a low degree of leader-perceived risk.
Both natural environments such as mountains or rivers and constructed
ones such as challenge ropes courses or climbing walls, can be used
to achieve this. |
| Adverse effect |
A biochemical change, functional impairment or pathologic
lesion that affects the performance of a whole organism, or reduces
an organism's ability to respond to an additional environmental challenge. |
| Adverse findings |
A finding not in the person' s interest. This may be
an abnormal result which exceeds occupational health limits or a health
effect which reduces the capacity to work. |
| Advertisement |
Any words whether written, printed, or spoken, and
any pictorial representation, design, or device used to explain the
use, or notify the availability, or promote the sale, of any substance
or preparation; and includes any trade circular, any label, and any
advertisement in any trade journal. |
| A&E |
Accident and Emergency department. |
| AEE |
Assessment of Environmental Effects. |
| Aerial logging |
Extraction system using aerial means such as a balloon
or helicopter. |
| Aerial operator |
A business or person engaged in topdressing for an
agricultural operation. |
| Aerial ropeway |
A passenger ropeway which carries passengers in chairs,
or cabins, which are lifted clear of the ground or snow surface and
attached to a moving rope or cable. |
| Aerial shell |
A pyrotechnic article of class 1.1G, 1.2G, 1.3G, or
1.4G that:
(a) is fired or designed to be fired from a mortar tube; and
(b) contains a lift charge capable of lifting the article above the
firing point before any pyrotechnic display is produced. |
| Aerodrome |
(1) Means any defined area of land or water intended
or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure,
and surface movement of aircraft; and
(2) Includes any buildings, installations, and equipment on or adjacent
to any such area used in connection with the aerodrome or its administration: |
| Aerodrome control service |
An air traffic control service provided for the control
of aerodrome traffic. |
| Aerodrome control tower |
A unit established to provide ATC service to aerodrome
traffic. |
| Aerodrome flight information service |
A service provided for the purpose of giving advice
and information useful for the
safe and efficient conduct of flights in the vicinity of an aerodrome. |
| Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit |
A ground-based VHF radio, which on receipt of a modulated
VHF transmission from an aircraft on the appropriate frequency, automatically
transmits either a voice or a tone response to confirm the pilot's
radio frequency selection. |
| Aerodrome incident |
An incident involving an aircraft operation and:
(1) an obstruction either on the aerodrome operational area or protruding
into the aerodrome obstacle limitation surfaces; or
(2) a defective visual aid; or
(3) a defective surface of a manoeuvring area; or
(4) any other defective aerodrome facility. |
| Aeronautical facility |
Means:
(1) The various types of communication systems used for an aeronautical
broadcasting service, or an aeronautical fixed service, that supports
IFR flight or an air traffic service; or
(2) The ground elements of the various types of communication systems
used for an aeronautical mobile service; or
(3) The various types of radio navigation aids used for the aeronautical
radio navigation service; or
(4) Any other type of ground-based telecommunication system that supports
IFR flight or an air traffic service; or
(5) The various types of ground based telecommunication systems that
operate in the aeronautical mobile radio frequency bands and are used
to provide basic weather information, local aerodrome information,
or flight following services. |
| Aeronautical Information Circular |
A notice containing information that does not qualify
for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the NZAIP, but
which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative
or legislative matters. |
| Aeronautical information service |
Any of the following services that distribute aeronautical
information essential for the safety, regularity and efficiency of
air navigation:
(1) AIP service; or
(2) NOTAM service; or
(3) Pre-flight information service. |
| Aeronautical mobile service |
A mobile service for communication between aeronautical
stations and aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in which
survival craft stations may participate, and emergency position-indicating
radio beacon stations may also participate on designated distress
and emergency frequencies. |
| Aeroplane |
A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft deriving its
lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which
remain fixed under given conditions of flight. |
| ACGIH |
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists,
publishers of Threshold Limit Values. |
| Aerosol |
Liquid droplets or solid particles dispersed in the
air that are of fine enough particle size (0.01-100um) to remain so
dispersed for a period of time. |
| Aerosol |
A substance packed under pressure and designed to be
released as solid or liquid particles in a suspension of gas, as a
foam, paste or powder, or in a liquid or in a gaseous state. |
| Aerosol dispenser |
A compressed gas container that: (a) is not refillable;
and (b) incorporates a valve designed to dispense the container's
contents as an aerosol; and (c) contains a compressed gas. |
| AF |
Attributable fraction. |
| AFOM |
Australasian Faculty of Occupational Medicine. |
| After-care |
The provision of service to persons in the period after
formal counselling, treatment and rehabilitation in order to assist
them during the period of adjustment to independent functioning within
the community. |
| AGA |
When followed by a number, an Australian Gas Association
standard. |
| AFPHM |
Australasian Faculty of Public Health Medicine. |
| AFRM |
Australasian Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine. |
| Age-standardised rates |
Rates that have been adjusted to take account of differences
in the age distribution of the population over time. Mainly used to
compare different populations or groups. |
| Agent Orange |
A 1:1 mixture of the n-butyl esters of 2,4,5-T and
2,4-D used as a defoliant in Vietnam. The mixture contained varying
amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDD as a contaminant, at concentrations as high
as approximately 100 mg kg-1. |
| Aggregate data |
The sum total of individually collected data. |
| Aggregate water capacity |
The aggregate or cumulative total volume of one or
more containers, calculated as the equivalent volume of water at 20°C
and at 101.3kPa. |
| Agitator |
A device for stirring or shaking liquids, powders or
mixtures. |
| AGL |
Above ground level. |
| Agrichemical |
Any chemical used in an agricultural context. This
includes pesticides as defined under the Pesticides Act 1979, as well
as fertilisers, plant growth regulators and spray additives, such
as marker dyes and wetting agents. |
| Agricultural aircraft operation |
The operation of an aircraft, on a single flight,
or on a series of flights, including transit flights to and from a
treatment area that is within 5 nautical miles of the loading area,
for the following purposes:
(1) dispensing an agricultural chemical;
(2) dispensing any other substance intended for plant nourishment,
soil treatment, propagation of plant life, or pest control;
(3) engaging in dispensing activities directly affecting agriculture,
horticulture, or forest preservation;
(4) dropping farm supplies on farms in rural areas or delivering farm
materials to farms in rural areas;
(5) surveying agricultural, forest, or water areas at a height of
less than 500 feet above terrain;
(6) feeding or transferring livestock on farms in rural areas;
(7) the reconnaissance of the proposed treatment area for the above
types of operation. |
| Agricultural compound |
Any substance, mixture of substances, or biological
compound, used or intended for use in the direct management of plants
and animals, or to be applied to the land, place, or water on or in
which the plants and animals are managed, for the purposes of:
(a) Managing or eradicating pests, including vertebrate pests; or
(b) Maintaining, promoting, or regulating plant or animal productivity
and performance or reproduction; or
(c) Fulfilling special nutritional requirements; or
(d) The manipulation, capture, or immobilisation of animals; or
(e) Diagnosing the condition of animals; or
(f) Preventing or treating conditions of animals; or
(g) Enhancing the effectiveness of an agricultural compound used for
the treatment of plants and animals; or
(h) Marking animals;
and includes any veterinary medicine, any substance, mixture of substances,
or biological compound used for post-harvest pest control or disinfestation
of raw primary produce, and any substance, mixture of substances,
or biological compound declared to be an agricultural compound for
the purposes of this Act [Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines
Act] by Order in Council made under subsection (2). |
| Agricultural operation |
An operation carried out in the course of agricultural
work, pastoral work or horticultural work of any kind. |
| Agricultural security |
The exclusion, eradication, and effective management
of: (a) pests; and (b) unwanted organisms under the Biosecurity Act
1993. |
| Agricultural tractor |
A vehicle propelled by mechanical power, controlled
by a driver, that is designed exclusively or principally for the purposes
of traction and not for the carriage of passengers, used in an agricultural
operation. |
| Agricultural work |
Work on any farm, being work directly related to the
operation of the farm, including horticultural work and shearing work
and cooking for any person carrying out horticultural work. Does not
include work on any marine or freshwater farm. |
| Ah receptor |
A protein molecule expressed on the surface of many
cells (both mammalian and non-mammalian). Its primary function in
the body is uncertain, but it is structurally related to many other
important cell proteins involved in, for instance, rhythmic functions
and organ development. When TCDD or other dioxin-like compounds bind
to this protein, it causes biochemical changes in the cell, including
the stimulation of aryl hydrocarbons (the source of the term 'Ah'). |
| AIC |
Aeronautical Information Circular. |
| AIP service |
A service for the publication of the NZAIP, AIP Amendments,
AIP Supplements and aeronautical information circulars. |
| Aircraft incident |
Any incident, not otherwise classified, associated
with the operation of an aircraft. |
| Air exchange rate |
Used in two ways:
(1) the number of times that the outdoor air replaces the volume of
air in a building per unit time, typically expressed as air changes
per hour;
(2) the number of times that the ventilation system replaces the air
within a room or area within the building. |
| Air hose |
A rubber, plastic or cloth woven hose used to carry
compressed air from its storage tank or compressor to be used for
the operation of air tools (like sanders or spray guns) and/or breathing
apparatus. |
| Air lift wells |
Geothermal wells which discharge with the continual
or near continual aid of an air compressor. |
| Air quality |
The condition of the air we breathe. |
| Air toxics |
A number of airborne compounds which may have adverse
effects on human health. |
| Air traffic |
All aircraft in flight or operating on any manoeuvring
area of an aerodrome. |
| Air traffic control service |
A service provided for the purposes of:
(1) preventing collisions:
(i) between aircraft; and (ii) between aircraft and obstructions on
any manoeuvring area; and
(2) expediting and maintaining a safe and efficient flow of air traffic. |
| AIRAC |
Aeronautical information regulation and control, signifying
a system aimed at advance notification based on common effective dates,
of circumstances that require significant changes in operating practices.
[The AIRAC system is based upon the international series of
effective dates at intervals of 28 days including 10 January 1991] |
| Airborne contaminant |
A potentially harmful substance that is either naturally
absent from air or is present in an unnaturally high concentration,
and to which workers may be exposed in their working environment. |
| Air-conditioning |
The process of treating air to meet the requirements
of a conditioned space by controlling its temperature, humidity, cleanliness
and distribution. |
| Aircraft |
Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere
from the reactions of the air otherwise than by the reactions of the
air against the surface of the earth. |
| Aircraft accident |
An occurrence that is associated with the operation
of an aircraft and takes place between the time any person boards
the aircraft with the intention of flight and such time as all such
persons have disembarked and the engine or any propellers or rotors
come to rest, being an occurrence in which:
(1) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
(i) being in the aircraft; or
(ii) direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including any part
that has become detached from the aircraft; or
(iii) direct exposure to jet blast except when the injuries are self-inflicted
or inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways
hiding outside the areas normally available to passengers and crew;
or
(2) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure that:
(i) adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight
characteristics of the aircraft; and
(ii) would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected
component except engine failure or damage that is limited to the engine,
its cowlings, or accessories, or damage limited to propellers, wing
tips, rotors, antennas, tyres, brakes, fairings, small dents, or puncture
holes in the aircraft skin; or
(3) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. |
| Aircraft category |
Category of aircraft means any one of the following
classes of aircraft: aeroplane, helicopter, glider, and balloon. |
| Airspace incident |
An incident involving deviation from, or shortcomings
of, the procedures or rules for: (a) avoiding collisions between aircraft;
or (b) avoiding collisions between aircraft and other obstacles when
an aircraft is being provided with an Air Traffic Service. |
| Airstrip |
A defined area symmetrically including the runway that
is intended: (a) to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running
off a runway; and (b) to protect aircraft flying over it during take-off
or landing operations. |
| Airworthiness certificate |
Means:
(1) for a New Zealand registered aircraft, an airworthiness certificate
issued by the Director under Part 21, Subpart H; and
(2) for a foreign registered aircraft, an airworthiness certificate
issued by the competent authority of the State of registry. |
| Airworthy condition |
The condition of an aircraft, including its components,
fuel, and other materials and substances essential to the manufacture
and operation of the aircraft, that complies with all the requirements
prescribed by the Civil Aviation Rules relating to design, manufacture,
maintenance, modification, repair, and safety. |
| AIS |
Abbreviated Injury Scale. |
| Aid to navigation (AtoN) |
A device or system external to vessels that is designed
and operated to enhance the safe and efficient navigation of vessels,
or vessel traffic. |
| ALAC |
Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand. |
| ALARA |
An acronym for the optimisation principle: As Low
As Reasonably Achievable, social and economic factors being taken
into account. |
| ALARP |
As Low As Reasonably Practicable. A concept where the
balance between risk, cost and safety margin is reasonably achieved. |
| Albuminuria |
Presence of serum albumin in the urine. |
| Alcohol and drug dependence |
As a general term, the state of needing or depending
on something or someone for support or to function or survive. As
applied to alcohol and other drugs, the term implies a need for repeated
doses of the drug to feel good or to avoid feeling bad. Dependence
has been defined as a 'cluster of cognitive, behavioural and physiological
symptoms that indicate a person has impaired control of the psychoactive
substance use and continues use of the substance despite adverse consequences'. |
| Alcohol- and drug-related problems |
The term 'alcohol- and drug-related problems' can be
applied to any of the adverse accompaniments of drinking or drug-taking.
'Related' does not necessarily imply causality. The term can be used
either of an individual drinker or at the level of society as a whole.
It may be taken to include both dependence and abuse, but it also
covers other problems. |
| ALDE |
Average lifetime daily exposure: the measure of exposure
estimated from serum PCDD/F concentrations that reflect historic and
current exposures from all routes. Under steady-state conditions,
ALDE estimates represent a time-integrated lifetime exposure. |
| Alert (civil defence) |
Advisory notice that a hazard is approaching but is
less imminent than implied by a 'warning' message. |
| Aliquot part |
Part of a whole that is to be analysed. NOTE: When
analysing an aliquot part, i.e. a part of a whole sample which is
homogenous, there is no need to use multiplication to obtain the concentration
in the whole sample, because the concentration is the same in the
sample and its part. |
| Alkanes |
Chemical classification relating to the structure of
hydrocarbons: alkanes have carbon atoms arranged in chains and contain
no double or triple bonds. |
| Alkenes |
Chemical classification relating to the structure of
hydrocarbons: alkenes have carbon atoms arranged in chains and contain
one or more double bonds. |
| Alkyl |
Chemical classification of hydrocarbon groups attached
to compounds: alkyl groups have carbon atoms arranged in chains and
contain no double or triple bonds. |
| Alkynes |
Chemical classification relating to the structure of
hydrocarbons: alkynes have carbon atoms arranged in chains and contain
one or more triple bonds. |
| All-round light |
In relation to a ship means a light showing an unbroken
arc over the horizon of 360 degrees. |
| All practicable steps |
Doing what is reasonably able to be done to control
hazards, taking into account a number of factors including the likelihood
and severity of any harm that might occur, and the availability and
cost of ways to prevent harm. |
| All terrain vehicle (ATV) |
A special-purpose vehicle (with or without motor cycle
controls and equipment) that is principally designed for off-road
use, and has three or more wheels, and has an engine capacity exceeding
50 ml and has a gross weight of less than 1,000 kg. See also Farm
ATV. |
| Allergen |
A substance capable of inducing an allergy. |
| Allergy |
Reaction to a substance to which the body has become
sensitised. It can take the form of a rash, asthma, breathing difficulties,
running eyes and sneezing. |
| Alley lamp |
A work lamp designed primarily to provide a fixed or
movable beam of light to the side of a vehicle to which it is fitted. |
| Allision |
See Contact. |
| Alopecia |
Loss of hair. |
| Alteration |
To change the design of, adding to or taking elements
away from equipment and includes the relocation of non-mobile equipment.
'Alter' has a corresponding meaning. It does not include repairs,
replacements or routine maintenance. |
| Alternative duties |
Tasks designed or identified to allow an early return
to work by a person with a health or injury problem. Alternative duties
should be: (a) identified beforehand as being within the capacity
of people returning to work before they are fully recovered; and (b)
matched to the particular capacity/problem of the person returning. |
| Altimeter setting (QNH) |
The aerodrome level pressure reduced to mean sea level
in accordance with the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, which is specified
by a mean sea level pressure of 1013.25 hectopascals, and temperature
of 15.0 degrees Celsius with a lapse rate of 6.5 degrees Celsius per
1000 M and is the altimeter sub scale setting to obtain the elevation
when on the ground. |
| Alveolus |
The terminal air sac of the lung. |
| Ambient air |
The air outside buildings and structures. This does
not refer to indoor air, air in the workplace, or contaminated air
discharged from a source. |
| Ambient air quality standard |
The standard for a contaminant as prescribed by regulation
13(1) of the Resource Management (National Environmental Standards
Relating to Certain Air Pollutants, Dioxins, and Other Toxics) Regulations
2004. The contaminants concerned are:
- Carbon monoxide
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Ozone
- PM10
- Sulphur dioxide.
|
| Ambulance officer |
An ambulance officer registered to the grade of proficiency
or higher with the New Zealand Ambulance Board. |
| Ambulance |
Any motor vehicle, aircraft, or vessel
(a) designed and used principally for the transport of sick or injured
persons; and
(b) operated by an ambulance operator. |
| Ambulance operator |
A person who
(a) has a contract or arrangement for the emergency transport of sick
or injured persons; and
(b) is a participant in Ambulance New Zealand. |
| AMC |
Accredited Medical Conclusion. [Aviation industry]
|
| Amenity values |
Those natural or physical qualities and characteristics
of an area that contribute to people's appreciation of its pleasantness,
aesthetic coherence, and cultural and recreational attributes. |
| Amenity tree |
In relation to a tree, means the natural and physical
qualities and characteristics of the tree that:
(a) contribute to people's appreciation of the tree or the area in
which that tree is situated; or
(b) provide desired shelter or desired screening to a property adjoining
the property on which the tree is situated. |
| Ammunition |
Any explosive of any of the foregoing classes enclosed
in any case or contrivance so as to form a cartridge, charge, fuse,
firing tube, percussion cap, detonator, fog signal, shell, torpedo,
war rocket, or other like contrivance other than a firework, or any
explosive so otherwise adapted or prepared as to form any contrivance
other than a firework. |
| Amosite |
A type of asbestos. An iron-magnesium silicate, grey
brown in colour. |
| AMPA |
Accident and Medical Practitioners Association. |
| Ampere |
One ampere is that constant current which, if present
in each of two parallel conductors of infinite length and one metre
apart in empty space, causes each conductor to experience a force
of 2 x 10-7 newtons per metre of length. |
| Amphiboles |
One of the two main types of asbestos, comprising crocidolite
and amosite. |
| Ampoule |
A glass container used to hold solutions or liquid
chemicals which have to be hermetically sealed or kept sterile, but
easily accessed when required. |
| AMSL |
Above mean sea level. |
| Amusement device |
In the Machinery Act 1950 defined as an appliance to
which the motion of a prime mover is transmitted and which is used,
or designed or intended to be used, for the amusement, recreation
or entertainment of persons being carried, raised, lowered, or moved
by the appliance, or any part thereof while it is in motion; and includes
the prime mover, transmission machinery, supporting structure, and
any equipment used or intended to be used in connection therewith.
Examples of amusement devices are:
- Bumper boats
- Roller coasters
- Ferris wheels and other fair rides like the octopus
- ATV rides
- Mini trains.
|
| AMVER |
Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System. |
| Ancestral lands |
Lands that have historical, cultural or spiritual
value to Maori. |
| Anchor |
An instrument for the purpose of holding a ship when
it is at sea: (a) in moderate sea conditions; and (b) where the depth
of water and sea bed is suitable for the anchor and chain cable; and
(c) where there are no other means of securing the ship. |
| Anchor |
A wire rope attached to a stump or deadman to prevent
the hauler moving under load. |
| Anchorage |
A component cast or fixed into a building or structure
for the purpose of attaching a scaffold or safety line. It can also
mean the holding-down system for cantilevered, hanging or suspended
scaffolding and platform. |
| Anergy |
Diminished reactivity to all antigens. This may take
the form of diminished immediate hypersensitivity, or diminished delayed
hypersensitivity to skin tests, or both. |
| ANFO |
Ammonium nitrate fuel oil. |
| Angle of repose |
The angle to the horizontal at which the material in
the cut face of an excavation is stable and does not fall away. |
| Angle plate |
An accurate angle bracket with slotted faces used to
hold a workpiece, for example, to a machine. |
| Animal |
Under the HSNO Act means any living stage of any member
of the animal kingdom except human beings; and, in the case of any
mammal, bird, fish, or reptile, includes the egg, or semen, or the
carcass thereof. |
| Animal material |
Any live or dead animal, or any tissue or other material
taken or derived from an animal. |
| Animal product |
Any animal material that has been processed (other
than simply transported or stored in such a way as not to involve
any alteration to its nature) for the purpose, or ultimate purpose,
of consumption or other use by humans or animals. |
| Animal research work |
Any research, experimental, diagnostic, toxicity, or
potency testing work involving the manipulation of a live animal,
or teaching involving the manipulation of a live animal. |
| Anode |
The positive electrode in an electroplating or anodising
solution. |
| Anodising |
A process related to electroplating. It involves the
anodic oxidation of metals, usually aluminium. In this instance, the
metal concerned is the anode and undergoes surface oxidation by the
oxygen liberated there. |
| Anorexia |
Lack or loss of appetite for food. |
| Anoxia |
Severe hypoxia, that is, lack of oxygen to tissues. |
| ANSI |
American National Standards Institutes. |
| Anthropometry |
The study and measurement of human physical dimensions. |
| Antidote |
A treatment for chemical over-exposure which is specific
(more or less) to the chemical or class of chemicals; in contrast
to supportive treatment which maintains body functions. |
| Anti-fatigue mats |
Mats or padding on the floor designed to reduce musculoskeletal
fatique associated with static standing. Cushioned insoles for shoes
can be viewed as 'portable anti-fatigue mats', to some degree. |
| Anti-glare band overlay |
A tinted overlay that is transparent and that is applied
along the top edge of the windscreen for the purpose of reducing glare
from the sun. |
| Antineoplastic |
Anti-cancer. |
| Antisapstain chemicals |
Chemicals used to control the growth of fungi and moulds
on timber. |
| Anti-two-block warning device |
A device that warns the crane operator that the hook
block is about to hit the boom head. |
| Anti-two-block cutout |
A device that is activated as the crane hook block
is about to hit the boom head and prevents any further upward movement
of the hook block. |
| Antiviral |
A type of drug which blocks the replication of particular
viruses. |
| Anuria |
Cessation of urine output by kidneys. |
| ANZSIC |
Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification. |
| ANZSOM |
Australian and New Zealand Society of Occupational
Medicine. |
| API |
American Petroleum Institute. |
| Aplastic anaemia |
Anaemia caused by the failure of the bone marrow to
produce an adequate amount of blood cells. |
| Apnea |
Respiratory arrest. |
| Appeal (ERS Tribunal) |
If one of the parties was dissatisfied with the Tribunal's
decision then they can appeal to the Employment Court to have the
decision reconsidered. |
| Applicable collective agreement |
The collective agreement that is binding on the relevant
union and employer, at the relevant point in time in relation to an
employee of the employer who is a member of the union. |
| Applicant (ERS Tribunal, Authority) |
The person applying to the Tribunal/Authority. This
can be any party to the employment relationship problem or, in some
circumstances, a Labour Inspector. |
| Application (ERS Employment Court, Tribunal
or Authority) |
An application to the Authority, Tribunal
or Employment Court for that institution to resolve or determine/decide
or hear an employment relationship problem. |
| Approved code of practice (ACOP) |
A statement of preferred work practice or arrangements
which has been approved by the Minister of Labour under section 20
of the HSE Act. It may include m,easures to consider when deciding
practicable steps. Its requirements are not mandatory or enforceable,
but its observance is accepted in Court as evidence of good practice. |
| Approved handler |
A person who is competent and certified to handle certain
hazardous substances. To become an approved handler, a person must
meet the requirements of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms
(Personnel Qualifications) Regulations 2001. |
| Approved operator |
(1) In relation to a specified controlled pesticide,
a person who is licensed under section 178 of the HSNO Act to use
that controlled pesticide.
(2) In relation to any controlled pesticide that is applied from an
aircraft, a pilot who holds a Chemical Rating pursuant to the Civil
Aviation Regulation 1953. |
| Approved rim widths codes |
The only allowable rim widths for a specific size of
tyre. |
| Apron |
A defined area on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate
aircraft for the purpose of loading or unloading passengers or cargo,
refuelling, parking, or maintenance. |
| Arbor |
A shaft on which a cutter, wire brush, grindstone,
etc. can be mounted. Usually removable from a machine. |
| Arboriculture |
The maintenance and care of trees in the general community.
|
| Arch |
Structure on rear of skidder or tractor with a fairlead
at its apex, for lifting log ends off the ground. Can be used as a
pushing point in machine-assisted felling. |
| Area navigation |
A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation
on any desired flight path within the coverage of stationreferenced
navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained
aids, or a combination of these. |
| Arm rest |
A height-adjustable cantilever mechanism device on
an office chair that offers support to the underside of each forearm. |
| Armed Forces |
Means the Navy, the Army, and the Air Force collectively;
and includes any branch, corps, command, formation, unit, or other
part of the Armed Forces; but does not include any part of the cadet
forces. |
| Arm's reach |
Means 2.5 m vertically upwards, and 1.25 m sideways
or downwards, from any point on a surface where persons usually stand
or move about. |
| Aromatics |
Chemical classification relating to the structure of
hydrocarbons aromatic hydrocarbons have carbon atoms arranged in rings
with some of the electrons shared over the whole ring, for example
benzene and naphthalene. |
| ARPA |
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid. |
| Articles of Agreement |
An agreement between an employer and one or more seafarers
setting out the terms and conditions of the seafarers' employment. |
| Articulated vehicle |
Any motor vehicle with a semi-trailer attached so that
part of the trailer is superimposed upon the motor vehicle and a substantial
part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the
motor vehicle. |
| Aryl |
Chemical classification of hydrocarbon groups attached
to compounds: aryl groups have carbon atoms arranged in aromatic rings. |
| AS |
Australian Standard. |
| Aspect ratio |
In relation to a tyre, the ratio between the tyre section
width and the height of the sidewall. Early tyre designs had an aspect
ratio of 100%, which means that the section height and width are equal.
With modern cars capable of much higher speeds, the tyre manufacturers
have now designed tyres with decreased aspect ratios to complement
the increased performance of vehicles. Today's modern sports cars
are now fitted with 50%, 45%, 40%, or even 35% aspect ratios. |
| ASA |
Lead azide, lead styphnate and aluminium powder. |
| Assembly point |
With respect to evacuation, means a safe place clear
of the building and clear of Fire Service operations. |
| AS/NZS |
A joint Australian and New Zealand Standard. |
| ASTM |
American Society for Testing and Materials. |
| Asbestos |
A group of naturally occurring, fibrous minerals, hazardous
to health. The term abestos includes actinolite, amosite, chrysolite,
crocidolite, fibrous anthophyllite or tremolite, or any mixture containing
these minerals. |
| Asbestos dust |
For the purposes of the regulations, means:
Chrysotile:
(a) An average concentration over any 4-hour period of 1 fibre per
millilitre of air; and
(b) An average concentration over any 10-minute period of 6 fibres
per millilitre of air.
Amosite, crocidolite, fibrous actinolite, fibrous anthophyllite, fibrous
tremolite:
(a) An average concentration over any 4-hour period of 0.1 fibres
per millilitre of air; and
(b) An average concentration over any 10-minute period of 0.6 fibres
per millilitre of air. |
| Asbestos fibre |
A particle of asbestos that:
(a) is not less than 5 micrometres and not more than 100 micrometres
in length; and
(b) is less than 3 micrometres in width; and
(c) has a length to width ratio of not less than 3 to 1. |
| Asbestosis |
A diffuse interstitial fbrosis of the lung resulting
from exposure to asbestos. |
| Ascent rate |
The rate of a diver moving towards shallower water.
A major key to diver safety is the monitoring and adhering of acent
rates to enure the recommended ascent rates of the dive table being
used shall be adhered to. For any dive the slower the ascent rate,
the better. |
| ASCEPT |
Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists
and Toxicologists. |
| Aseptic |
Sterile, free from germs. |
| Aspect |
Compass direction to which a slope faces. |
| ASME |
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. |
| Asphyxiant |
A gas or vapour that causes suffocation. |
| Assessment |
The evaluation process used by ERMA to review the information
provided by an applicant, relevant public authorities and other interested
parties, and to weigh up the positive and adverse effects of the substance
before deciding on whether to grant approval. (See also Reassessment) |
| Assault |
The act of intentionally applying or attempting to
apply force to the person of another, directly or indirectly, or threatening
by any act or gesture to apply such force to the person of another,
if the person making the threat has, or causes the other person to
believe on reasonable grounds that he has, present ability to effect
his purpose; and 'to assault' has a corresponding meaning. |
| Asymmetric patterns |
An asymmetric tyre tread pattern generally consists
of dissimilar tread pattern elements placed radially opposite each
other in order to optimise pattern characteristics. |
| Asymmetrical earmuff |
An earmuff in which the shape of the front and back
and/or the top and bottom of the earcup is different. If the earcups
are not positioned correctly, the attenuation of the earmuff may be
significantly reduced. |
| Asymmetrical posture |
A posture that requires the body to twist or bend to
one side or to bear the weight unevenly on the feet. |
| Asystole |
Cardiac arrest. |
| Ataxia |
Uncoordination of voluntary muscular action, particularly
of the muscle groups used in activities such as walking or reaching
for objects; due to any interference with the peripheral or central
nervous system pathways involved in balancing muscle movements. |
| ATC clearance |
Authorisation for an aircraft to proceed under conditions
specified by an air traffic control unit. |
| ATCRBS |
Air traffic control radio beacon system. |
| Atmosphere |
Air and its contents. Pneumatic systems exhaust to
atmosphere. |
| Atmosphere |
An atmosphere is a unit of pressure taken to be the
standard pressure of the earth's atmosphere at sea level. An atmosphere
is equal to the pressure of a column of mercury 760 mm high and expressed
as 101.325 kilopascals (1.01325 Å~ 105 newtons per square meter),
or about 14.7 pounds per square inch |
| Atmospheric monitoring |
The continous measurement of oxygen levels or selected
atmospheric contaminants over an unlimited duration of time. |
| Atmospheric pollution |
Contamination of the atmosphere by large quantities
of gases, solids and radiation produced by the burning of natural
and artificial fuels, chemicals and other industrial processes and
nuclear explosions. |
| Atmospheric testing |
The short-term listing, that is not continuous, of
oxygen level and atmospheric contaminants. |
| ATSDR |
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (USA). |
| Attendant care |
(a) Means: (i) personal care; and (ii) assistance with
cognitive tasks of daily living, such as communication, orientation,
planning, and task completion; and (iii) protection of the claimant
from further injury in his or her ordinary environment; and
(b) includes training a person to provide attendant care, if the Corporation
agrees to fund the training; but
(c) does not include child care, domestic activities, or home maintenance. |
| Attended boiler |
A boiler that is under the direct control of a qualified
operator at all times when steam is being raised or is being taken
from the boiler. |
| Attenuation |
A reduction in the level of sound. |
| Attributable fraction |
The maximum proportion by which the incidence or mortality
of a specified disease or other health outcome in a specified population
could theoretically be reduced if a given risk factor of the outcome
of interest were eliminated. |
| ATV |
All terrain vehicle. |
| At work |
In relation to any person, means present, for gain
or reward, in the person's place of work. |
| Audible range |
Frequency across which normal ears hear: approximately
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. |
| Audiologist |
(1) A person qualified to carry out hearing tests and
treat patients with impaired hearing.
(2) A member of the New Zealand Audiological Society. |
| Audiometry |
The measurement of the hearing threshold level of a
person by means of a bilateral pure tone air conduction threshold
test. |
| Audit |
A systematic examination against defined criteria to
determine whether activities and related results conform to planned
arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively
and are suitable to achieve the organisation's policy and objectives. |
| Auditor (rail) |
A person accepted directly from the LTSA approved list,
or nominated by a Rail Service Operator and appointed after approval
by the LTSA, to conduct audits of the whole or part of a Rail Safety
System. Auditors have a responsibility to the operator who appoints
them, but a wider responsibility to act in the interests of safety
by identifying and reporting to the LTSA areas of safety system noncompliance.
They are required to report to the LTSA in a mandatory 10-point format
and provide additional audit findings as necessary in the interests
of operational safety. |
| Authorised explosive |
Any substance specified in the Explosives Authorisation
Order 1994. |
| Authorised gunsmith |
In relation to powder-actuated fastening tools, means
a person certified in writing by the master agent in New Zealand,
or the maker of the tool, as competent to carry out repairs and overhauls
to named models of the tool. |
| Authorised person |
A person authorised by the employer or a responsible
person to undertake a specific task or tasks and possessing the necessary
technical knowledge and experience. |
| Automatic safeload indicator |
A device fitted to a crane to provide the operator
with automatic warning of approach to an overload situation. |
| Auto recloser |
Protective switch gear which automatically relivens
power lines after tripping out on a transient fault. |
| Auto populate |
The software completes one or more fields of data based
on what the user has entered. |
| Autoignition |
The minimum temperature required to start or cause
self-sustained combustion temperature in any substance in the absence
of a high-temperature ignition source, such as a spark or flame. This
is not applicable to many substances. |
| Automatic change-over regulator |
A combination valve/gas pressure regulator, fitted
to a LPG multiple-cylinder installation which will automatically change
over from a cylinder(s) in use to a reserve cylinder at a predetermined
pressure. |
| Auxiliary headlamp |
A forward-facing lamp used under certain conditions
to replace the headlamps; and includes a fog-lamp, being a vehicle-lamp
providing illumination in conditions of fog, snow, cloud, or other
atmospheric conditions which reduce visibility. |
| Avian Influenza A (Bird flu) (H5N1) |
An illness affecting mainly poultry (e.g. chickens,
geese) in a number of Asian countries. The virus responsible for the
current outbreak is H5N1. Small numbers of people have become infected
with the H5N1 virus, causing serious illness and/or death. |
| AWIB service |
An automatic broadcast of aerodrome and weather information
provided specifically for the facilitation of aviation, and for the
avoidance of doubt, an AWIB service is not an air traffic service. |
| Awkward posture |
Any fixed or constrained body position that overloads
muscles and tendons or loads joints in an uneven or asymmetrical manner. |
| Axle |
A transverse shaft or housing on which a vehicle's
wheels are mounted. |
| B&D |
Bondage and discipline. |
| B-train |
A motor vehicle comprising of a towing vehicle and
two semi-trailers connected at two points of articulation where the
forward distance of the longer trailer divided by the forward distance
of the shorter trailer does not exceed 1.3. |
| Back-pressure regulator |
A device used to maintain a selected pressure in a
system from which gas is being vented to a lower pressure (commonly
atmospheric pressure). It maintains constant upstream pressure regardless
of flowrate or variations in downstream pressure, provided that this
does not exceed the selected pressure. |
| Backburn |
A counterfire commenced from within continuous fuel
for the purpose of fighting a fire. |
| Back cut |
The final saw cut in felling a tree, opposite the scarf
and the intended direction of fall. |
| Back guy |
A wire rope attached to the spar and anchored opposite
the line of pull and designed to take the strain when hauling logs. |
| Back injuries (serious) |
Serious back injuries are fractures of the spine, medical
co-morbidity where a back problem makes a medical problem worse (e.g.
osteo-arthritis), intervertebral disc problems with serious complications
or conditions that produce persistent severe pain that require a long
time off work. |
| Background exposure |
The exposure a person might be expected to have if
they are not exposed to any particular identifiable source, such as
living near a point source or working in an occupational setting where
exposures may occur. |
| Backline |
(1) Boundary line marked by blazed or painted trees
indicating the cutting area.
(2) That portion of the tailrope from the hauler to the first corner
block. |
| Backpulling |
Method of using a rope from a machine or winch to pull
a tree to enable it to be felled against its natural lean. |
| Baffle |
Device used to deflect or control the flow of oil,
paint or gas. |
| Bailey bridge |
A type of semi-trailer used to transport short logs.
|
| Baldrige principles |
Used internationally to measure and improve business
performance based on what is commonly found in high-performance companies. |
| Baling press |
A machine, usually hydraulic, for compressing loose
materials, e.g. wool, waste papers, into bales. |
| Ball bearing |
A bearing comprising two steel rings or races, one
usually pressed onto a shaft, the other supported in a housing, separated
by hardened steel balls running in grooves in the races. |
| Ball joint |
A connection between two links in which the end of
one member is partly spherical and fits into a corresponding cavity
in the other member, thus allowing angular movement between them. |
| Ball mill |
A rotating vessel containing balls of stone or steel,
used to crush material placed inside it. |
| Ballrace turntable |
A device incorporating a low-friction ball bearing
fitted between two substantial structural components of a vehicle
to enable rotational motion between those components about a vertical
axis. |
| Balling |
Mechanical demolition by the controlled swinging or
dropping of a demolition ball suspended from a suitable lifting device.
|
| Baluster |
A post providing the support for the top and bottom
rails of a barrier. |
| Balustrade |
The infill parts of a barrier (typically between floor
and top rail). |
| Band re-saw |
A woodworking machine that is used to re-cut flitches
or timber, and is equipped with automatic feed rollers, and is fitted
with a blade in the form of a continuous band or strap, the cutting
portion of which moves in a vertical or horizontal plane; but does
not mean a log band breakdown saw or a narrow blade band saw. |
| Bar (of chainsaw) |
(Synonym: Cutter bar, guide bar) Grooved flat steel
bar around which the saw chain travels. |
| Barber chair |
A result of poor felling technique which causes a
vertical split in a tree stem, leaving a portion of the stem attached
to the stump. |
| Bardon hook |
A type of choker hook used with wire rope strops for
gripping trees or logs to be skidded. |
| Bargaining |
In relation to bargaining for a collective agreement:
(a) means all the interactions between the parties to the bargaining
that relate to the bargaining; and
(b) includes:
(i) negotiations that relate to the bargaining; and
(ii) communications or correspondence (between or on behalf of the
parties before, during, or after negotiations) that relate to the
bargaining. |
| Barge |
Any barge, lighter, or like vessel that does not have
any means of self-propulsion. |
| Barotrauma |
Any disease or injury due to unequal pressures between
a space inside the body and the ambient pressure, or between two spaces
within the body; examples include arterial gas embolism, pneumomediastinum,
and pneumothorax, eye, middle ear and sinuses and the lung. |
| Barrel |
The central portion of a winch drum on which rope is
spooled. |
| Barrel swivel |
A swivelling device used in hauler butt rigging. |
| Barring |
Turning of a shaft or flywheel by hand, using a steel
bar (tommy bar). |
| Base plate |
A metal plate with a spigot for distributing the load
from a scaffold standard or raker or other load-bearing tube. |
| Base support points |
The parts of an office chair that touch the floor and
support the weight of the chair. |
| Base-line hearing test |
The test used to assess the level of hearing of a person.
|
| Basel Convention |
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements
of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Restricts and controls the
movement of hazardous wastes between countries. |
| Basic scaffolding |
Includes: (a) a fall arrest system; (b) a free-standing
modular scaffolding system; (c) a gin wheel; (d) a rope; (e) a static
line. |
| Basic weather report |
A verbal comment, in support of aviation, describing
any of the following current weather conditions observed at a particular
place or airspace:
(1) wind direction and strength:
(2) mean sea level air pressure:
(3) air temperature:
(4) weather conditions and cloud cover. |
| Batter |
The inclination of a slope, expressed as (a) vertical
units on (b) horizontal units. |
| Bay |
The portion of a scaffold situated between two adjacent
pairs of standards measured longitudinally and extending the full
height of the scaffold. |
| BCGA |
British Compressed Gas Association. |
| BCITO |
Building and Construction Industry Training Organisation.
|
| Beacon |
A warning lamp comprising one or more light sources
designed to emit a flashing light or a revolving beam of light. |
| Bead |
That part of a pneumatic tyre which fits and holds
the tyre securely onto the wheel rim. It consists of a coil of high-tensile
steel wire, treated to give good adhesion with rubber, and encased
in a 'matrix' of hard rubber. |
| Beam |
(1) A structural member, usually horizontal, supported
at the ends and loaded vertically.
(2) A focused transmission of light or other energy.
(3) The main moving member of a down-stroking press brake. The tool
is attached to its lower edge. |
| Bearer |
Larger section timber used to support packets or stacks
of timber. |
| Bearing |
A device to support a shaft in its correct position
and allow it to rotate with as little friction as possible. (See ball-bearing,
bush, roller bearing.) |
| Bearing metals |
Metal alloys, used for the surface of plain bearings
which are in 'contact' with the shaft, selected for long life and
low friction, e.g. bronze, white-metal. |
| Becquerel (Bq) |
The SI derived unit of activity being one radioactive
disintegration per second of time. The relationship to the traditional
special unit, the curie (Ci) is 1 Bq = 2.70 x 10-11 Ci. |
| BEI |
Biological Exposure Indices, as described in the Workplace
Exposure Standards booklet. |
| Bell crank lever |
A two-armed lever with the arms usually set at right
angles to each other, pivoted at the meeting point. |
| Bell logger |
A versatile three-wheel logging machine that can fell,
bunch, extract, sort and load logs and roundwood. Different accessories
can be fitted to perform the functions required. |
| Bell mouth |
An open-ended vessel or pipe, with the end shaped in
the form of a bell, or trumpet. |
| Bell prover |
A device used for testing the accuracy of gas meters,
consisting of a sealed 'bell' to or from which a measurable amount
of a test gas (usually air) may be passed. |
| Belly chain |
The wire rope or chain that is placed around the load
at any position(s) in a complete circle and is attached to it and
tensioned using a 'load binder'. |
| Belly hook |
A helicopter's load hook directly attached to its frame. |
| Belt |
An endless strip of leather, reinforced rubber or other
material used to transmit rotary motion from one shaft to another
by running over pulleys having flat or grooved rims. |
| Belt conveyor |
A moving, continuous, flexible carrier of goods. |
| Belt creep |
A gradual movement of a belt relative to the face of
the pulley on which it runs, caused by the change in the stretch of
the belt as it passes from the tight to the loose side of the belt. |
| Belt dressing |
Substance used to prolong the life and improve the
frictional grip of belts on their pulleys. |
| Belt fasteners |
Connecting devices used to join the ends of a strip
of belting to form a 'loop' or endless belt. |
| Belt slip |
The slipping of a driving belt on the face of a pulley
due to insufficient frictional grip to overcome the resistance to
motion offered by the pulley. |
| Belt stricker (shifter) |
A device for shifting a flat belt from a fast pulley
to a loose pulley of the same diameter, mounted beside it. |
| Benching |
Excavation of a sloping ground in horizontal steps.
|
| Benchmark dose (BMD) |
Usually defined as the lower confidence limit on the
dose that produces a specified magnitude of changes in a specified
adverse response. For example, a BMD10 would be the dose at the 95%
lower confidence limit on a 10% response, and the benchmark response
would be 10%. The BMD is determined by modeling the dose-response
curve in the region of the dose-response relationship where biologically
observable data are feasible. |
| Benchmarking |
To improve one's own performance by measuring it against
competitors' performance according to specified standards. |
| Benign |
Not malignant, not recurrent, favourable for recovery. |
| Best practicable option |
In relation to a discharge of a contaminant or an emission
of noise, means the best method for preventing or minimising the adverse
effects on the environment having regard, among other things, to:
(a) the nature of the discharge or emission and the sensitivity of
the receiving environment to adverse effects; and
(b) the financial implications, and the effects on the environment,
of that option when compared with other options; and
(c) the current state of technical knowledge and the likelihood that
the option can be successfully applied. [RMA] |
| Best practice guideline |
A document developed with through industry groups and
OSH agreement, to be used as a basis for safe workplace practices.
It could also be further developed into an approved code of practice.
|
| Beta radiation |
Electrons emitted during the radioactive decay of atomic
nuclei. |
| Bias |
The systematic difference between the expectation of
the measurement results and an accepted reference value. |
| Bight |
The included angle of a rope running round a block
or obstruction. 'In the bight' is a dangerous position. |
| Billet |
An intermediate product in the rolling of steel, larger
smaller than a bloom. Also applied to certain ingots. |
| Billet pierced cylinder |
A gas cylinder in which the base and walls are made
in one hot forming process. |
| Bind |
Term used to describe an operating rope being held
out of line by an obstacle such as a stump, log, or standing tree
that causes considerable friction and eventual deformation of the
rope. |
| Binder |
In a paint, the solid ingredients in a coating holding
the pigment particles. Binders are based on oil, alkyd, acrylic, latex
and epoxy. The nature and amount determines the coating's performance. |
| Binder |
Wires or straps tensioned around packets of timber.
|
| Binder chain |
Any chain used for holding a load on a truck. Various
types include throw-over chains, belly chain, or longitudinal chain.
|
| Binder fillet |
Fillets placed at set intervals to give stability to
block-stacked timber. |
| Bioaccumulation |
Accumulation of substances in the tissues of organisms. |
| Bioaccumulative |
In relation to a substance, means the substance has
a BCF greater than or equal to 500 or, if BCF data is not available,
a log Kow greater than or equal to 4; and, for the purposes of this
definition, measured log Kow values take precedent over estimated
values. |
| Bioassay |
Exposing test organisms to samples (of water, sediment
etc) and comparing their response with organisms exposed to control
or reference treatment. |
| Biochemical preparation |
Includes:
(a) an antigen; and
(b) an antitoxin; and
(c) a toxin; and
(d) a blood fractionation preparation; and
(e) an insulin; and
(f) a preparation from a mammalian gland; and
(g) a serum;and
(h) a vaccine; and
(i) any other substance or preparation that is similar in nature to
any of those specified in paragraphs (a) to (h) of this definition,
whether natural or synthetic, that is intended for diagnostic, prophylactic
or therapeutic purposes. |
| Bioconcentrate |
To become more concentrated in the tissues of plants
and animals. |
| Bioconcentration factor (BCF) |
The steady state concentration of a substance in an
aquatic organism divided by the concentration of the substance in
the surrounding water. |
| Biocidal action |
In relation to a substance, means the substance causes
mortality, inhibited growth or inhibited reproduction in an organism. |
| Biodegradable |
Able to be broken down into basic compounds by micro-organisms. |
| Biodegradation |
Breakdown of chemical structure by biological process. |
| Biogas |
The mixture of gases that is produced by anaerobic
microbial decomposition of organic matter and that principally comprises
methane and carbon dioxide together with lesser amounts of hydrogen
sulphide, water vapour, or other gases. |
| Biogenic emissions |
Emissions from natural sources including vegetation
and soil. |
| Biological compound |
Any agricultural compound that is:
(a) a preparation of animal origin; or
(b) a bacterial or viral vaccine, whether living or not; or
(c) a virus, mycoplasma, or other micro-organism, whether living or
not; or
(d) a product of a virus, mycoplasma, or other micro-organism, or
any substance manufactured for the purpose of having the same action
as a product of a virus, mycoplasma, or other micro-organism. |
| Biological (air) contaminants |
Agents derived from, or that are, living organisms
(e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens) that
can be inhaled and can cause many types of health effects including
allergic reactions, respiratory disorders, hypersensitivity diseases,
and infectious diseases. Also referred to as 'microbiologicals' or
'microbials.' |
| Biological diversity |
The variability among living organisms, and the ecological
complexes of which they are a part, including diversity within species,
between species, and of ecosystems. |
| Biological Exposure Index |
The index provides a warning level of biological response
to a substance or agent, or warning levels of the substance or agent
or its metabolite(s) in the tissues, fluids or exhaled air of an exposed
worker. This index is to be used only in conjunction with designated
exposure standards or codes of practice and not as a sole method for
exposure control. |
| Biological hazard |
Hazards in the workplace that include viruses, fungi,
spores and bacteria, all of which can cause illnesses or disease.
|
| Biological monitoring |
The measurement and evaluation of hazardous substances
or their metabolites in the body tissues, fluids or exhaled air of
an exposed person. |
| Biological product |
Any product derived fro |
